]> Aigle and Marie, on a voyage to search for the 'Cape of the Austral Islands' in the southern oceans. ]]> Fortune and the Gros Ventre, leaves Mauritius to search for land in the southern ocean, at the command of King Louis XV of France. ]]> Gros Ventre, gets ashore at Sea Lion Bay and claims the land, now known as the Kerguelen Islands, for France. ]]> Fortune and the Gros Ventre. Instead of exploring further, Kerguelen returns to France to announce his discovery and claims to have found a new continent. ]]> Resolution and Adventure, with orders to explore the southern oceans and take possession of any lands found there. ]]> Resolution and Adventure, arrives off Cape Town, South Africa, and takes on fresh supplies. ]]> Resolution and Adventure, leaves Cape Town, South Africa, and heads into the southern oceans. ]]> Resolution and Adventure, encounter the edge of the southern pack ice for the first time, at 51° S. ]]> L'Oiseau, one of Kerguelen's three ships, manages to land on 'La France Australe'. ]]> Resolution and Adventure, cross the Antarctic Circle, probably the first ships to do so, and get as far as 67°S before being halted again by pack ice. ]]> Resolution and Adventure, arrives in New Zealand at Dusky Sound and spends six weeks repairing and reprovisioning the ships. ]]> Resolution, leaves New Zealand and heads back south to continue exploration. ]]> Resolution, reaches his furthest south position at 71°10'S, 106°54'W. ]]> Resolution, sights the west coast of Tierra del Fuego. ]]> Resolution, leaves South America and starts his return voyage to England ]]> Erebus for James Clark Ross's expedition to Antarctica. ]]> Williams, a sealer, reports seeing land. Given his reported latitude (62°01'S), he was in the South Shetland Islands, near mainland Antarctica. ]]> Vostok and the Miryni, leaves Kronstadt for the southern oceans, leading an exploring expedition for Russia. ]]> Williams, lands at Shirref's Cove, Livingston Island, in the South Shetlands. This is the first reported landing on islands immediately off the coast of Antarctica. ]]> Williams, now under the command of naval officer Edward Bransfield, sets sail from Valparaiso, intending to explore the South Shetland Islands in more detail. ]]> Vostok and Mirnyi, leave South Georgia and continue sailing south. ]]> Williams, lands in the South Shetland Islands. ]]> Vostok and Mirnyi, cross the Antarctic Circle, only the second expedition known to have done so at that time. ]]> Williams, leaves the South Shetland Islands. ]]> Williams, spots Deception Island, off the coast of Antarctica. ]]> Williams, sights land, which was probably Hoseason Island, in the South Shetlands group. The ship was likely somewhere in Bransfield Strait. ]]> Williams, sights two mountains, probably the peaks Jacquinot and Bransfield, at the tip of mainland Antarctica. ]]> Hero, sets off from the rest of the whaling fleet at Livingstone Island to investigate land sighted further south and lands on Deception Island. ]]> Vostok and the Mirnyi cross the Antarctic Circle for the second time, returning south for their second exploring season. ]]> Cecilia, leaves Deception Island and sails southwest. ]]> Cecilia, sends a landing party ashore on an island at 63°25'S, probably Low Island in the South Shetlands. ]]> Vostok and the captains exchange news. ]]> Cecilia, continues sailing south and sights land, probably Hoseason Island in the South Shetlands. ]]> Cecilia, goes ashore to look for seal on land at 64°01'S. This is the first known landing on mainland Antarctic, somewhere in the vicinity of Hughes Bay off Gerlache Strait. ]]> Vostok and Mirnyi, arrive back in Kronstadt, after more than two years away exploring the southern oceans. ]]> Tula and accompanied by the Lively, sets sail from the Thames, heading for Antarctica to explore on behalf of Enderbys, an oil merchant company in London. ]]> Tula and Lively arrive in Hobart, Tasmania, after a season exploring in Antarctica. On arrival, almost all the crew members were suffering from scurvy. ]]> Emma, and Captain John Balleny, commanding the Eliza Scott, met at Campbell Island. Both were employed by Enderbys, and were on separate voyages of discovery, mainly looking for good sources of seals for oil. ]]> Eliza Scott, sights land, a group of five islands at latitude 66°S, which he calls the Balleny Islands. ]]> Eliza Scott, arrives back in England. He passes on a copy of his chart and parts of his logbook to Captain James Clark Ross, who is about to leave for his own expedition to Antarctica. ]]> Astrolabe and the 'Zelée', leaves Hobart, Tasmania, to search for land in the southern oceans. ]]> Astrolabe and the Zelée, crosses the Antarctic Circle and sees land in the distance. ]]> Astrolabe and the Zelée, has clear sight of the icy coastline of the Antarctic mainland. ]]> Astrolabe and the Zelée are battered by storms off the coast of Adélie Land and soon D'Urville heads back to France. ]]> Astrolabe and the Zelée, encounter the Porpoise under the command of Charles Wilkes. Curiously, no contact was made between the ships. ]]> Astrolabe and the Zelée, arrives back in France, making landfall at Toulon, after being away more than three years. ]]> Erebus and Terror, sets sail from Hobart, Tasmania, and heads south to search for Antarctica. ]]> Erebus and Terror, and his crew sight their first iceberg on their journey south. ]]> Erebus and Terror, and his crew cross the Antarctic Circle. ]]> Erebus and Terror, commanded by Captain James Clark Ross, reach the edge of the pack ice around Antarctica. By ramming the edge of the pack and following leads, they were able to go 50 miles into the pack. ]]> Erebus and Terror, commanded by Captain James Clark Ross, are deep in the pack ice and encounter a terrific storm. ]]> Erebus and Terror, commanded by Captain James Clark Ross, get through the pack ice and encounter open water. ]]> Astrolabe and the Zelée, gets to within a couple of miles of Antarctica's shoreline before being stopped by ice. He records his latitude as 66°30'S and names it Adélie Land. ]]> Erebus and Terror, arrives in Hobart, Tasmania. ]]> Erebus for James Clark Ross' s expedition to Antarctica. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, born in Salisbury England. ]]> Morning, one of the relief ships sent to aid the Discovery in Antarctica in 1904. ]]> Challenger expedition, under the command of Captain George Nares, left Portsmouth, England. The expedition took many observations in seas around Antarctica. ]]> Discovery and Terra Nova expeditions and of Shackleton's Endurance expedition, born in County Kerry, Ireland. ]]> Discovery expedition, in Dalkey, Ireland. ]]> Discovery and Terra Nova expeditions. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, born in London, England. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, born in Walthamstow, Essex, England. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, born in the Windward Islands, West Indies. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, born in Bowral, New South Wales, Australia. ]]> Challenger expedition, presents a paper on The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration to the Royal Geographical Society meeting in London. ]]> Belgica under the command of Andrien de Gerlache sets sail from Antwerp, heading to Antarctica. Among the crew are Roald Amundsen, Henryk Arctowski, and Frederick Cook. ]]> Belgica, heading south under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, anchors off the South Shetland Islands. ]]> Belgica makes the first of several landings on the Antarctic Peninsula, along Graham Land, to survey and collect specimens. They continue to sail along the Gerlache Strait. ]]> Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, leaves the Gerlache Strait and continues sailing south alongside the Antarctic Peninsula. ]]> Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, crosses the Antarctic Circle. ]]> Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, encounters pack-ice for the first time. ]]> Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, encounters open water to the south. Despite the apprehensions of the crew, de Gerlache continues heading south. ]]> Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, becomes trapped in the pack ice at 71°22'S. Thereafter, the ship remains ice-bound for 347 days. ]]> Belgica's crew see the sun for the last time before heading into the long Antarctic winter. Trapped in the pack ice, the crew endure cold, dark, and damp conditions throughout the winter. ]]> Belgica's science officers, dies of heart disease during the long Antarctic winter night. Frederick Cook, the ship's surgeon, insists that the crew eat more fresh seal and penguin meat to combat deleterious health effects and the ominous first signs of scurvy. ]]> Belgica's crew greet the return of the sun, albeit only a thin sliver above the horizon, with relief and renewed hope. ]]> Belgica's crew begin cutting a canal from the ship to the nearest open lead. They have to cut a channel about a mile and a half in length. Fearful of being trapped for another winter, work continues feverishly for a month. ]]> Belgica's crew finally succeed in completing their canal, about a mile and a half in length, through the pack-ice from the ship to the nearest open lead. ]]> Belgica begins moving along the canal cut by the crew to free her from the pack-ice. ]]> Belgica, under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, finally clears the pack-ice after being trapped for the previous winter. ]]> Belgica, under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, finally sails into Punta Arenas, in Patagonia, Chile. ]]> Belgica, under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, arrives back in Antwerp, Belgium, after more than two years' away in Antarctica. ]]> Discovery for the British Antarctic Expedition. ]]> Discovery's keel is laid in a Dundee shipyard and the construction of the ship begins. ]]> Discovery expedition. ]]> Discovery expedition. ]]> Discovery is launched into the Tay by Lady Markham. The British Antarctic Expedition now has a ship. ]]> Discovery weighs anchor and sets out for the English Channel on the first stage of the voyage to Antarctica. ]]> Discovery pauses off Spithead so that she can be 'swung' to correct the compass readings. ]]> Discovery is anchored in Cowes harbour, Isle of Wight, and is visited by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. ]]> Discovery is visited by the First Lord of the Admiralty, the Earl of Selbourne, and then heads west down the Channel. ]]> Discovery's crew have their last sight of England - Start Point on the Devon coast. ]]> Discovery sails past the Needles on the Isle of White and heads down the English Channel. ]]> Discovery comes in sight of Madeira and anchors off Funchal to take on extra coal supplies. ]]> Discovery leaves Madeira. ]]> Discovery crosses the line, that is, the Equator. ]]> Discovery reaches South Trinidad, a small isolated volcanic island now known as Trindade. Some of the crew, including Edward Wilson, land to do some natural history collecting. ]]> Discovery arrives at Cape Town, Cape Colony, now South Africa. The ship anchors in Table Bay to make some repairs and calibrate the magnetic instruments. ]]> Discovery leaves Table Bay and the Cape and heads for New Zealand. ]]> Antarctic, commanded by Otto Nordenskjöld, with Carl Larsen as second-in-command. ]]> Discovery covers a record 223 miles in 24 hours under sail alone. ]]> Discovery's crew sights pack-ice for the first time. ]]> Discovery anchors in Fisherman's Cove off Macquarie Island, 600 miles southwest of New Zealand. Some of the crew go on shore and collect from the penguin rookeries. ]]> Discovery sails past the Auckland Islands ]]> Discovery arrives in Lyttelton harbour, on the east side of South Island, New Zealand ]]> Discovery leaves Lyttelton, New Zealand, with a send-off escort of two naval warships. As Discovery leaves the harbour, a young seaman, Charles Bonner, falls from the main mast and is killed. ]]> Discovery reaches Port Chalmers, New Zealand, to take on more coal and to bury the body of Seaman Bonner. ]]> Discovery leaves Port Chalmers, New Zealand, and heads south towards the pack ice. ]]> Discovery's crew sights their first iceberg, at latitude 65.5° south. ]]> Discovery crosses the Antarctic Circle. ]]> Discovery is tied up to a large ice-floe and the crew have their first attempt at using skis. ]]> Discovery comes out of the pack ice and into open water again, and is now able to make more rapid progress south. Royds, the officer of the watch, spots land on the port bow, the first sight of Antarctica. ]]> Discovery's crew visits the hut used by the Southern Cross Expedition, where Borchgrevink's crew spent the winter of 1896. Louis Bernacchi, one of the expedition's physicists, had also been a member of that overwintering team. Magnetic observations were taken, and penguin and other bird specimens collected. ]]> Discovery encounters a bay with many seals. The crew kill 30 seals and 10 Emperor penguins for the larder. Wilson and many others are revolted by the slaughter. ]]> Antarctic, under the command of Otto Nordenskjöld, was stopped by pack ice. ]]> Discovery crew land at Granite Harbour. They find a good anchorage and fine potential site for winter quarters on shore, with running water and mosses growing near streams. Scott decides to push on further south. ]]> Discovery enters McMurdo Sound and continues south. ]]> Discovery crew land west of Cape Crozier at a large Adelie penguin rookery, to leave a message box and take some magnetic observations. Scott, Royds and Wilson climb a volcanic cone to 1,350 feet to try to get a glimpse of the land further south. ]]> Discovery travels eastwards along the face of the Great Ice Barrier (Ross Ice Shelf). ]]> Discovery encounters new land, which Scott names King Edward VII Land. With no suitable landing spot, they turn the ship around and head west for McMurdo Sound. ]]> Discovery round and heads back west towards McMurdo Sound. ]]> Discovery's crew lands on the Great Ice Barrier for the first time. Armitage leads a five man away team to explore the Ice Barrier. This is the first night that some of the Discovery team had camped out in Antarctica. ]]> Discovery re-enters McMudo Sound, moves to the south and Scott finally ties up in a small bay to examine it as the site of prospective winter quarters. ]]> Discovery continue. The ship becomes jammed into ice and is only freed with great difficulty. The water is too deep for a sea anchor and the ice anchors keep dragging. ]]> Discovery's crew make their attempt to use the dogs to haul gear, specifically pieces of the huts. ]]> Discovery crew's new quarters. ]]> Discovery's crew get settled in at Hut Point. ]]> Discovery. They had climbed a peak on White Island, estimated at 2,700 feet, and saw the Barrier extending east and south and in the distance some mountain ranges. ]]> Discovery, they leave most of their gear and set off. In almost total white-out conditions and on slippery ice slopes, without adequate footwear, Seaman George Vince slips down a slope and is lost in the sea below. Wild, Weller, Heald and Plumley manage to make their way back to the ship to report. Search parties are organized under the leadership of Armitage and Shackleton. Late at night, Ferrar, Barne, Evans, and Quartley, make it back to the ship, guided by the sound of the ship's siren. Two men remain missing. ]]> Discovery. He had fallen asleep in a snowbank and there had survived the blizzard. Waking after the storm, he recognized the landmark of Crater Hill and was able to make his way back to the ship. In the afternoon, Discovery steams around to the base of the slope where Vince fell but finds no signs of him. ]]> Discovery. ]]> Discovery, having been unable to reach Cape Crozier. ]]> Discovery and she appears to be frozen in place for the austral winter. ]]> Discovery, by evening. ]]> Discovery, and Wilson leads a party to collect some specimens in full winter plumage. ]]> Discovery's crew gets a last good glimpse of the sun over the peak of Observation Hill before the winter darkness sets in. ]]> Discovery expedition members at Hut Point. Discovery's crew celebrate the start of the winter night. ]]> Discovery, breaks off in a gale and is finally irreparable. ]]> Discovery's crew experience their lowest winter temperature so far, down to -43°F (-42°C). ]]> Discovery's crew put on a theatrical performance in the Hut, renamed the Royal Terror Theatre, including songs and skits, which is thoroughly successful and enjoyed by all. ]]> Morning leaves London en route for Antarctica. ]]> South Polar Times is produced on board the Discovery. ]]> Discovery expedition's hut, aka the Royal Terror Theatre, consisting of minstrel songs and jokes. ]]> Discovery's crew. ]]> Discovery's crew ship-bound. ]]> Discovery's crew was blocked by snow squalls . ]]> Discovery's crew climb to the top of Crater Hill to view the returning sun at noon. ]]> Discovery's crew celebrates with a 'Feast of the Sun'. ]]> Discovery, having taken a sledging journey to pick up the supplies cached at the end of the previous season. ]]> Discovery's winter camp. ]]> Discovery. Armitage is puzzled by the apparent poor condition of his men but then realizes that many of his party are suffering from the early stages of scurvy. ]]> Discovery at 6 am. Immediate steps are taken to treat the men and remedy the situation. ]]> Discovery. ]]> Discovery. ]]> Discovery with over a thousand pounds of seal meat. ]]> Worst Journey in the World by Wilson, Bowers, and Cherry-Garrard. ]]> Discovery. ]]> Discovery get back from Cape Crozier, having left messages at the drop-box, and report on the discovery of an Emperor Penguin rookery there. ]]> Discovery man-hauling sledges of supplies to the south. ]]> Discovery declare a holiday to celebrate the King's birthday. They hold a day of competitive winter sports, including ski races, toboggan races, sled races and target shooting. ]]> Discovery, Scott, Shackleton and Wilson continue south with the rest. They are now in unknown territory beyond Minna Bluff. They cross 79°S, the furthest south reached by anyone to that time. ]]> Morning arrives in Lyttelton, New Zealand. ]]> Antarctica towards Snow Hill Island on the east of the Antarctic peninsula, but the ship's progress is soon blocked by thick pack-ice. ]]> Morning, commanded by Captain William Colbeck, leaves Lyttelton, New Zealand. The ship sails south for Antarctica in search of Discovery and the members of the Expedition. ]]> Discovery. The rest of the Western Party continue to try to find a route up and over the mountains. ]]> Morning crosses the Antarctic Circle, heading south in search of Scott's expedition. ]]> Morning arrives at Cape Adare and Captain Colbeck and the crew pick up the first of the messages from the Discovery. ]]> Morning visits Franklin Island but finds no additional news of the Discovery. ]]> Discovery. They encounter seals and have a feast of fresh meat. ]]> Morning arrives at Cape Crozier and after a long search Captain Colbeck and his landing party find the message cache from Discovery and learn of the route into McMurdo Sound. ]]> Discovery. Macfarlane appears to have fully recovered from his altitude sickness. ]]> Morning rounds Cape Royds and enters McMurdo Sound. In late evening, the look-out on Discovery spots the Morning in the distance. ]]> Morning, ties up to ice floes near Hut Point, about 10 miles from land. A party from Discovery's crew set off across the ice towards the relief ship. Joyous greetings and exchange of news ensues. Supplies are unloaded and taken back to the Discovery. ]]> Discovery. ]]> Discovery, on their way back from their trek across the Ice Barrier. They also find letters from the Discovery crew reporting that all is well at the base. Stuffed with food after over-eating, they are all ill during the night and get little sleep. ]]> Discovery and makes a long march. Shackleton is now so weak he rides most of the afternoon on the sled. ]]> Discovery, making travel easier. Scott, Wilson and Shackleton are heartened by this sign that they are not far from base. ]]> Discovery base. They can now see Observation Hill and other familiar landmarks. ]]> Morning, has arrived. Scott and his team are enthusiastically welcomed back by the rest of the Discovery crew. ]]> Morning visits the Discovery on the day that Scott, Shackleton and Wilson return from their southern expedition. ]]> Antarctica sinks in the Erebus and Terror Gulf, about 25 miles from land. Led by Carl Larsen, the crew head for the Antarctic mainland. ]]> Morning still eight miles from Hut Point, the crews start the labour of transporting the tons of supplies across the ice to the home base. ]]> Antarctica is not going to pick them up and so they have to spend a second winter on the continent. ]]> Morning. He is still weak after the southern journey and not fully recovered from scurvy and he finds the eight mile hike very debilitating. ]]> Discovery, after exploring the mountains of Victoria Land. ]]> Morning and Discovery's crew try to free the ship from the ice with explosives but five miles of ice to open water makes that impossible. It is becoming clear that Discovery is unlikely to get free from the ice this year and that the crew will face another winter in Antarctica. This prospect is not so bad because of all the extra supplies that the relief ship Morning had brought. ]]> Morning is transported to Hut Point. ]]> Discovery's crew and tells them that they will be spending another winter in Antarctica. He wants to reduce the size of the crew and tells them that anyone who doesn't want to stay can depart on the Morning. ]]> Morning, anxious to leave before getting iced in, the crew hurry to unload the last few stores and supplies. ]]> Discovery's crew ask to leave on the Morning. Scott is pleased because these eight are ones he had identified as 'undesirables' and were the ones he wanted to get rid of anyway. Scott tells Shackleton that he is to return on the Morning, because of the severe and lingering effects of scurvy, and takes an officer from Morning, Mulock, a Navy officer, in his place. Shackleton is not pleased with this decision. ]]> Antarctica reach the mainland and prepared to overwinter. ]]> Morning, and the nine men from Discovery who are going home go with him and settle into quarters on board the relief ship. Almost all the Discovery crew go to the Morning for a last evening meal and farewell celebration before the ship leaves and Discovery's crew have to prepare for another year in Antarctica. ]]> Discovery's crew say farewell and leave the Morning. New ice is forming and the ship has to leave before she becomes trapped. The British Antarctic Expedition relief ship Morning unmoors from the ice edge and sails away to the north, leaving Discovery's crew to prepare for another year in Antarctica. ]]> Antarctica has not returned to pick them up from Paulet Island, so Andersson, Duse and Grunden prepare to overwinter, with little food or equipment. ]]> Discovery's rigging. ]]> Discovery for another winter. ]]> Discovery will be able to get out of the ice next year. He is worried that the ship may be permanently frozen in and that they will be unable to get away. ]]> Discovery's crew take advantage of opportunities for outdoor exercise. The crew indulge in a hotly-contested game of ice hockey. ]]> Discovery's crew. ]]> Morning and reports that Discovery is iced in in Antarctica, Markham sends a strongly worded letter to the Government asking for funds for a second relief expedition. ]]> Morning. ]]> Terra Nova is purchased from C. W. Bowering, a whaling company in St John's, Newfoundland, and is refitted as a relief ship. ]]> Discovery's crew is finally able to go outdoors after being confined to quarters by a strong blizzard which had raged for the previous three days. ]]> Discovery's crew. ]]> Discovery's crew. ]]> Discovery's crew. ]]> Discovery, having found a new and easier route up the Ferrar Glacier. ]]> Discovery. That day they cover 27 miles and make camp at sea level. ]]> Discovery having covered 36 miles on this last day. Late at night, Ferrar and the rest of the party also arrive back at ship. ]]> Terra Nova arrives in Hobart, Tasmania, where Morning has already arrived, and both ships set out for Antarctica. ]]> Hints to Travellers, Scott's navigation tables needed to fix their position by celestial observations. Without these, they won't know exactly where they are on the onward journey. ]]> Voyage of the Beagle. They name this Desolation Camp ]]> Uruguay, commanded by Captain Irizar, arrives at Snow Hill Island to pick up Otto Nordenskjöld and his team. This is a relief ship sent to rescue them after the non-appearance of the Antarctica. As they were packing up that evening, Carl Larsen and the crew of the Antarctica appear, having abandoned the ship after it foundered. ]]> Discovery, having barely entered Barne Inlet. Although not able to cover much distance, they did accomplish some accurate and detailed coastline surveying. ]]> Discovery. ]]> Discovery. ]]> Discovery. The weather closes in and they are forced to make camp early. ]]> Discovery, having explored the Barrier to the south-east. ]]> Discovery after a journey of sixty-eight days. ]]> Discovery. ]]> Discovery, to be greeted by the four crew on board, Koettlitz, Handsley, Quartley, and the steward (unnamed). ]]> Discovery and head north to see what progress is being made at the 'sawing camp', an attempt to saw a channel through the ice to open water to free the Discovery in the short summer season. ]]> Discovery is cut off from open water by twenty miles of ice. Seeing that the attempt to saw the ship free is hopeless, Scott orders the camp broken up and the men returned to Discovery. ]]> Morning but unclear as to the identify of the other, they first rush back to the saw camp to alert the other four and send a message back to Discovery before hurrying back to the ice edge to greet the relief ship's crew. The second ship is the Terra Nova. The ships bring orders from the Admiralty that if the Discovery cannot be freed she is to be abandoned and the crew taken away from Antarctica. ]]> Discovery's crew unload supplies from Morning and Terra Nova. Scott realizes that the Admiralty is under the impression that they are in distress and has mounted a rescue expedition, expecting to find them in dire circumstances, rather than fit and healthy. He is distressed by this misunderstanding. ]]> Discovery but gets disorientated in thick mist and has to return to the tent camp. ]]> Discovery and tells the crew of the Admiralty's orders. They are upset and disappointed and don't want to abandon the ship. ]]> Morning and Terra Nova, are able to move between four and five miles closer to Hut Point as the ice slowly begins to break up. ]]> Discovery from the camp on Cape Royds and reports finding a sea elephant. He is amazed to find this animal so far south. ]]> Morning and Terra Nova, are able to move about a mile closer to Hut Point. ]]> Discovery, Scott receives reports that the ice edge has started to break up and the relief ships are now four or five miles closer than they were previously. ]]> Discovery. The tent acts as the hand-off point for teams ferrying gear out to the relief ships so this equalizes the distance somewhat. ]]> Discovery creaking. This is the result of a heavy swell which is also breaking up the ice near Hut Point. ]]> Discovery is now free of ice and floating loose but there is still no clear track to the north. ]]> Discovery remains trapped. Ice starts re-forming off Hut Point and it looks as if Discovery will be ice-bound for another winter. Restless and worried, Scott goes out to the Morning to see if anything can be done. ]]> Morning with Captain Colbeck sails around the glacier tongue and takes some soundings, finding very deep water at the ice edge. ]]> Discovery. He plants charges so as to weaken the ice between cracks that have been opened by the swell, so as to break off slabs. ]]> Discovery's crew celebrate with champagne, although they are still worried about the ice conditions. ]]> Discovery, still separated from open ocean by six miles of ice. The ice is thin and dangerous in places. Crean fell through but was rescued. ]]> Morning and Terra Nova. ]]> Morning to say that the ice is breaking up fast and to ask for more men to dig holes for explosives. ]]> Terra Nova picks up the large tent. Ice breaking up as a consequence of a large swell. The ice begins to break up rapidly and the relief ships, Morning and Terra Nova, are able to move another two miles closer inshore towards Discovery. ]]> Morning and Terra Nova to approach close to the Discovery. By 11 pm, both ships are only about 500 yards from Discovery. ]]> Discovery ready for departure. Scott orders more blasting to break up the remaining wedge of ice that is holding Discovery in the small bay, no easy task as the ice is up to 17 feet thick in places. Ice is being brought on board to fill the boilers ]]> Discovery in place breaks up and the ship is floating free. In the afternoon, Terra Nova comes alongside and begins to off-load coal to Discovery, since the extra months have severely depleted coal stocks. A cross is erected on the summit of Hut Point to commemorate Seaman Vince, and the Discovery crew prepares a final farewell feast. Late in the evening, a storm blows up and Scott is concerned that Discovery may drag her anchor. ]]> Discovery runs aground on the shallows around Hut Point. After several tense hours the wind moderates, the current changes direction and the ship slides off the ridge and floats free. Scott takes Discovery south and using ice anchors moors to an ice floe next to Terra Nova. ]]> Terra Nova and Discovey take shelter in an inlet next to the glacier and resume transferring coal. Luckily, Discovery has not been badly damaged by the grounding the previous day. In late afternoon, Morning finds them, having taken shelter in New Harbour overnight. Discovery also takes on extra coal from Morning. ]]> Discovery goes alongside the glacier to take on ice to supply water for the boilers. Late in the day another gale blows up and the three ships leave McMurdo Sound heading north for open seas ahead of the gale. ]]> Discovery continues north along the coast. Mulock takes bearings to fill in the maps, and Wilson sketches the coastline. The ships head for Wood Bay to take on more ice for water. ]]> Morning leaves and heads for Port Ross in the Auckland Islands to wait for Discovery and Terra Nova who are to continue surveying the western coast. Discovery finds Wood Bay filled with pack ice but manages to replenish water tanks. Armitage tries to swing the ship to check the compass, but the sun disappears before he can complete this task. ]]> Discovery's crew is forced to use hand pumps to drain the engine room, difficult in the large swell and after the exhausting work of the last few days. The crew manage to light the small forecastle boiler and use it to drive the pumps. Scott is puzzled as to where the water is coming from as they have not found any hull damage. ]]> Discovery passes Coulman Island at midday. ]]> Discovery's crew sight Possession Islands and the ship passes through then late in the day. The carpenter, Dailey, notices that the rudder is badly damaged. Scott knows that they will need a fully operational rudder in the event of another storm. He heads inshore towards Cape Adare and Robertson Bay, and anchors to make repairs. Terra Nova stays out at sea because of the pack ice in the bay.. ]]> Discovery puts out to sea again in a brief but intense snowstorm. The ships continue westwards, Scott hoping to get beyond the westward point reached by Sir James Ross. Heavy pack ice means that they have to stand out miles from shore. ]]> Discovery and Terra Nova continue west along the Antarctic coast although progress is often impeded by heavy pack ice. ]]> Discovery and Terra Nova continue west but far out at sea because of the heavy pack ice. Scott notes visits by birds of the open ocean, the Antarctic petrel, fulmar petrel, prion, an a sooty albatross. The remaining dogs don't like the damp conditions on board ship and have to be taught how to drink water from a dish, only having eaten snow before. ]]> Discovery loses sight of the Terra Nova. ]]> Terra Nova and turns Discovery around to look for her. ]]> Terra Nova. Scott determines to head west again, trusting Captain Mackay to meet them at the rendezvous point. Scott notes a flock of black-headed terns and they also see several sea leopards. ]]> Discovery passes a large cliffed island. Scott can't reconcile this with Ross's Russell Islands or the Balleny Islands. Later, back in London, he realizes that this must have been Sturge Island, part of the Balleny group. Late in the day they see islands to the north and south and Mulock is able to get positional readings. Scott identifies them as Buckle Island, Borrodaile Island, and Young Island, part of the Balleny Islands group. Beyond the islands, they find open sea and sail on towards Wilkes Land. They see lots of fulmar petrels and rorqual whales. ]]> Discovery continues on westwards in poor visibility from fog and occasional snow squalls. ]]> Discovery north and heads for the rendezvous point. ]]> Discovery encounters continual storms for the next eight days. Steering is difficult with the small spare rudder, the decks are leaking, and many of the crew are sea-sick. It makes for a miserable voyage. ]]> Discovery passes the last of the ice bergs they see on the voyage. ]]> Discovery is being driven off course, so Scott is forced to start up the engines again to make headway. ]]> Discovery's crew spot the Auckland Islands in the distance. ]]> Discovery sails into Ross Harbour in the Auckland Islands, with less than 10 tons of coal remaining. Neither Terra Nova nor Morning have arrived yet. In a safe anchorage, the crew proceeds to make much-needed repairs and paint Discovery to smarten her up for the last part of the voyage. ]]> Terra Nova joins Discovery at Ross Harbour in the Auckland Islands. ]]> Morning joins Terra Nova and Discovery at Ross Harbour in the Auckland Islands. ]]> Discovery, Terra Nova and Morning leave Ross Harbour heading for New Zealand. ]]> Discovery's crew sight Stewart Island, the most southerly island of New Zealand. ]]> Discovery, accompanied by Terra Nova and Morning, arrives at Lyttelton, New Zealand. The crew are given a tremendous welcome. ]]> Discovery leaves Lyttelton, New Zealand, and begins the voyage back to England. Scott determines to continue magnetic readings and soundings, so as to complete the survey of an almost complete circumnavigation of Antarctica. ]]> Discovery arrives at the position of Dogherty Island. Finding deep water and no sign of land, Scott dismisses another mythical island from the charts. ]]> Discovery's crew catch sight of Tierra del Fuego and the ship enters the western end of the Magellan Strait. ]]> Discovery anchors off Puntas Arenas, Chile. ]]> Discovery leaves the eastern end of the Magellan Strait. ]]> Discovery anchors in Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. Scott is able to replenish their coal supplies again. ]]> Discovery leaves Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, on the last leg of the voyage home. ]]> Discovery crosses the line, that is, the ship crosses the Equator. ]]> Discovery anchors off Punta Delgada in the Azores to take on more coal. ]]> Discovery weighs anchor and leaves the Azores. ]]> Discovery's crew catches first sight of the English coast. ]]> Discovery, with Scott aboard, arrives back in England from Antarctica.The ship passes south of the Isle of Wight and in late morning makes landfall at Stokes Bay, near Southsea, in the area known as Spithead. ]]> Discovery crew held in the distinctly down-market setting of a warehouse at the East India Docks in London. ]]> Discovery expedition to the Royal Family. ]]> Discovery artifacts, with some of Skelton's photographs and Wilson's drawings, opens at Brunton Gardens and is a great success. ]]> Discovery expedition. The lecture is received tepidly. The Royal Society members are still bent out of shape over the furore surrounding the relief expedition. ]]> The Voyage of the Discovery, written by Captain Scott and published by Smith, Elder and Co. The book was a best-seller. ]]> Albemarle. ]]> Nimrod, leaves the East India Docks and sets sail for Antarctica. ]]> Albemarle ends and he is back on half-pay. ]]> Essex. ]]> Nimrod, heading to Antarctica to lead an attempt on the South Pole. This is known as the 'Farthest South' expedition. ]]> Essex. ]]> Nimrod, sails into McMurdo Sound. ]]> Nimrod leaves for New Zealand. ]]> Nimrod expedition (Marshall, Mawson, David, Mackay, Adams and Brocklehurst - only Brocklehurst did not summit) ]]> Discovery team and have criticized them as 'amateurish'. ]]> Nimrod expedition, establish the location of the South Magnetic Pole ]]> Nimrod had left two days earlier. With two colleague left behind them on the Ice Barrier, they debate what to do. ]]> Nimrod's attention. This succeeds and the ship returns to pick them up. ]]> Nimrod approaches Cape Royds. The crew spot Shackleton and Wild and pick them up. ]]> Nimrod leaves Cape Royds with all expedition members aboard. ]]> Nimrod expedition. ]]> Terra Nova expedition. ]]> Terra Nova expedition. ]]> Nimrod expedition, Ernest Shackleton is knighted. ]]> Terra Nova sets sail from Cardiff, Wales, with Scott and his polar team aboard. ]]> Terra Nova reaches Melbourne, Australia, and Scott receives a telegram from Amundsen announcing his intention to make an attempt on the South Pole. ]]> Terra Nova's crew, further north than had been anticipated. ]]> Terra Nova finally breaks free of pack-ice and continues south. ]]> Terra Nova and start construction of their winter quarters at Cape Evans. ]]> Terra Nova, the third motorized sled breaks through thin ice and is lost. ]]> Terra Nova, while exploring the edge of the Ice Barrier, unexpectedly comes across Amundsen and his team at Framheim in the Bay of Whales. ]]> Erebus for James Clark Ross's expedition to Antarctica. ]]> Terra Nova arrives at Cape Adare to pick up the six members of the Northern Party, under the command of Campbell. They are left at Inexpressible Island for what is planned to be a few weeks of geological work. ]]> Terra Nova, under the command of Pennell, picks up Griffith Taylor's geological party at Granite Harbour, Cape Roberts, across McMurdo Sound from Ross Island. ]]> Terra Nova expedition members see the sun for four months. ]]> Terra Nova, under the command of Teddy Evans, arrives in McMurdo Sound to pick up the remaining members of Scott's expedition at Cape Evans and learn the news of the loss of Scott and the polar party. ]]> Terra Nova expedition set up a cross on Observation Hill, overlooking the Ice Barrier, to commemorate the deaths of Scott and his companions. ]]> Terra Nova arrives in Oamaru, New Zealand, and the world learns of the fate of Scott's polar team. ]]> Terra Nova expedition to the Royal Geographical Society in the Royal Alberta Hall. ]]> Scott's Last Expedition. The book became a huge best-seller. ]]> Terra Nova expedition at the Philharmonic Hall, London. Illustrated with slides and film, the lecture proved immensely popular, and Ponting gave several hundred performances. ]]> Endurance leaves dock in London and sails down the Thames on the first leg of the voyage to Antarctica. This is also the day that Germany declared war on France, signalling the start of World War 1. ]]> Endurance leaves Plymouth bound for the Weddell Sea at the start of Shackleton's TransAntarctic Expedition. Shackleton and Wild stay behind to tie up ends and plan to rejoin the ship in Buenos Aires. ]]> Endurance, with Shackleton and the members of the TransAntarctic Expedition aboard, reaches the edge of the pack-ice and, entering a lead, begins to work towards the mainland. ]]> Aurora, under the command of Captain Mackintosh, leaves Sydney, Australia, for the Ross Sea, intending to lay depots on the Ross Ice Barrier and Beardmore Glacier for Shackleton's party to pick up on their TransAntarctic attempt. ]]> Endurance sight Coats Land on mainland Antarctica. ]]> Endurance reaches Glacier Bay on mainland Antarctica. Shackleton elects not to land and set up base camp here but to try to get further south, so as to cut down the sledging distance for the tans-antarctic journey. This is the first and last opportunity for the expedition to land on the mainland. ]]> Endurance's progress towards the mainland is stopped by a solid barrier of ice. ]]> Endurance becomes firmly trapped in the pack-ice. ]]> Endurance but the crew are unable to get the ship to move into the lead. The ship remains stuck in the pack ice. ]]> Aurora, Shackleton's support ship, is torn from her mooring at Ross Island and set adrift in the pack. Ten members of the crew, including Captain Mackintosh, are stranded on shore at Cape Evans. ]]> Endurance is battered by a tremendous gale, with winds of up to 70 miles an hour and a temperature of -35°F. The ship is shaken by a series of ice-quakes. ]]> Endurance, still stuck in the pack ice. The ship is lifted and shifted by the moving pack ice. ]]> Endurance, with the ship surrounded by jumbled blocks of pack ice, and outlined in bright lights against the polar night. ]]> Endurance so violently that the crew fear the foremast might snap. ]]> Endurance, still trapped in the pack-ice, is raised up onto a pressure ridge as the ice shifts. ]]> Endurance begins taking on water. The crew work frantically to make repairs and keep the pumps operational. ]]> Endurance, which is crushed and destroyed in the pack-ice. ]]> Endurance finally sinks and Shackleton and his crew set off across the pack-ice making for Paulet Island. ]]> Aurora crew, dies on the Barrier on the way back from a depot-laying trip. ]]> Endurance's crew prepare to launch the boats and work their way through the pack ice towards the islands. ]]> James Caird, Shackleton and five companions (Worsley, Crean, Vincent, McNeish, and McCarthy) set out to try to reach the whaling station on South Georgia. ]]> James Caird lost her sea anchor, making the boat harder to steer. That night, the boat was almost capsized by a monster wave, which Shackleton estimated at 60 feet high. ]]> James Caird, catch sight of the island of South Georgia. ]]> Aurora's depot-laying crew are lost in a storm crossing thin sea ice from Hut Point to Cape Evans. ]]> James Caird to the head of King Haakon Bay and set up camp, which they call Peggoty Camp (after the boat house in Dickens' novel David Copperfield). They kill elephant seals for food. ]]> Samson, Worsley goes to King Haakon Bay to pick up the three remaining crew from the James Caird, Vincent, MacNeish and McCarthy. ]]> Southern Sky, to pick up the rest of the Endurance crew. The ship had to turn back because of low coal supplies and bad weather. ]]> Endurance crew. But this attempt too is unsuccessful ]]> Yelcho reaches Elephant Island and picks up Frank Wild and the rest of the Endurance's crew. All are still alive. This is Shackleton's fourth attempt to reach them. ]]> Yelcho reaches Puntas Arenas to a festive and raucous welcome for the 22 Elephant Island survivors. ]]> Aurora approaches Ross Island to rescue the remaining depot-laying crew from Shackleton's TransAntarctic expedition. ]]> Aurora reaches Cape Royds. Shackleton goes ashore to investigate the Nimrod expedition's hut and finds a note from the depot-laying crew saying the men were at Cape Evans. The remaining seven men are picked up from the sea-ice en route to the Cape. ]]> Aurora leaves the Antarctic mainland and sails north. ]]> Quest leaves the port of London with Sir Ernest Shackleton on board, heading to Antarctica for another expedition. ]]> Quest comes in sight of South Georgia and Shackleton and Worsley point out familiar peaks and landmarks. ]]> Quest leaves South Georgia en route to England. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, died on ship in the Mediterranean at the age of 47. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, died in London, at the age of 64. ]]> Discovery and Terra Nova expeditions and of Shackleton's Endurance expedition, died of appendicitis in County Kerry, Ireland, at the age of 61. ]]> Theron. ]]> Theron to begin the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition. ]]> Theron was interrupted when a violent storm forced the ship away from the edge of the pack-ice. ]]> Theron has to sail to avoid being trapped in the ice. ]]> Endeavour at the start of his portion of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, died near Oslo, Norway, aged 76. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, died in Sydney, Australia, aged 82. ]]> Terra Nova expedition, died in Cambridge, England, at the age of 81. ]]> Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClO_x/NO_x interaction by J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner, and J. D. Shanklin in the journal Nature. This paper provided data that documented the existence of an 'ozone hole' over Antarctica. ]]> Explorer hit an iceberg in the Bransfield Strait near King George Island, off the Antarctic peninsula. The ship sank but all 154 passengers and crew were successfully rescued. ]]>