Chronology of Antarctic Events

Oct/27/1728:	Captain James Cook born in Marston, Yorkshire, England.
Feb/13/1734:	Chevalier Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec, discoverer of the Kerguelen Islands, born in Landudal, Finistère, northwest France.
Jul/19/1738:	Jean Bouvet de Lozier leaves Lorient, France, with two ships, the Aigle and Marie, on a voyage to search for the 'Cape of the Austral Islands' in the southern oceans.
Dec/15/1738:	Jean Bouvet de Lozier's ships sight massive tabular icebergs off Antarctica.
Jan/01/1739:	Jean Bouvet de Lozier's ships come within sight of land in the southern ocean. Storms and high seas prevent a landing. The place they saw is now called Bouvet Island.
Jan/20/1739:	Jean Bouvet de Lozier's ships reach 54°40'S. He turns east and skirts the edge of the pack ice for 1,500 miles before returning to France.
Jan/16/1772:	Chevalier Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec, commanding two ships the Fortune and the Gros Ventre, leaves Mauritius to search for land in the southern ocean, at the command of King Louis XV of France.
Feb/12/1772:	Chevalier Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec spots land, which he names 'La France Australe', now known as the Kerguelen Islands.
Feb/13/1772:	Kerguelen's second in command, St-Allouarne, with the shallower-draft ship Gros Ventre, gets ashore at Sea Lion Bay and claims the land, now known as the Kerguelen Islands, for France.
Feb/14/1772:	Stormy weather separates the Fortune and the Gros Ventre. Instead of exploring further, Kerguelen returns to France to announce his discovery and claims to have found a new continent.
Jul/13/1772:	Captain James Cook sets sail from Plymouth, England, with two ships, the Resolution and Adventure, with orders to explore the southern oceans and take possession of any lands found there.
Oct/30/1772:	Captain James Cook, in command of the Resolution and Adventure, arrives off Cape Town, South Africa, and takes on fresh supplies.
Nov/23/1772:	Captain James Cook, in command of the Resolution and Adventure, leaves Cape Town, South Africa, and heads into the southern oceans.
Dec/12/1772:	Captain James Cook's ships, the Resolution and Adventure, encounter the edge of the southern pack ice for the first time, at 51° S.
Dec/14/1772:	Chevalier Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec, sent back to the southern oceans to explore further by King Louis, gets sight of 'La France Australe', the Kerguelen Islands again.
Jan/06/1773:	Captain de Rochegude, in command of L'Oiseau, one of Kerguelen's three ships, manages to land on 'La France Australe'.
Jan/08/1773:	After only two days, Kerguelen abandons attempts to explore 'La France Australe' and returns to France, to receive a frosty welcome from the monarch.
Jan/17/1773:	Captain James Cook's ships, the Resolution and Adventure, cross the Antarctic Circle, probably the first ships to do so, and get as far as 67°S before being halted again by pack ice.
Jan/19/1773:	After a couple of days trying to get further south, Captain James Cook leaves the edge of the pack ice and sails away to the northwest to look for the land recently reported discovered by Kerguelen.
Mar/25/1773:	Captain James Cook, in command of the Resolution and Adventure, arrives in New Zealand at Dusky Sound and spends six weeks repairing and reprovisioning the ships.
Nov/27/1773:	Captain James Cook, now with just the Resolution, leaves New Zealand and heads back south to continue exploration.
Jan/26/1774:	Captain Cook crosses the Antarctic Circle for the third time.
Jan/30/1774:	Captain Cook, now with just the Resolution, reaches his furthest south position at 71°10'S, 106°54'W.
Dec/17/1774:	Captain James Cook, now with just the Resolution, sights the west coast of Tierra del Fuego.
Jan/03/1775:	Captain James Cook, now with just the Resolution, leaves South America and starts his return voyage to England
Jan/13/1775:	En route back to England, Captain Cook encounters new land, now known as South Georgia, which he maps and explores.
Jul/30/1775:	Captain Cook arrives back in England from his Antarctic voyage, coming ashore at Spithead.
Feb/29/1776:	Captain James Cook elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, London.
Dec/27/1776:	John Ledyard describes how Captain James Cook's crew, while exploring Kerguelen Island, find the note in a bottle left by Kerguelen's expedition, claiming the land for France.
Sep/20/1778:	Birth of Thaddeus von Bellinghausen in Estonia. He led a Russian exploring expedition to Antarctica and was the first known person to have sighted the Antarctic continent.
Feb/14/1779:	Captain James Cook killed in a dispute with Hawaiians over a stolen boat.
Feb/21/1779:	The remains of Captain James Cook's body buried at sea, in Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii.
Aug/24/1787:	Birth of James Weddell, after whom Weddell seals are named. His place of birth is uncertain, being variously described as Ostend or Massachusetts.
May/23/1790:	Birth of Rear Admiral Jules Sébastien César Dumont D'Urville, French naval officer who led an expedition to Antarctica, in Condé-sur-Noireau, Normandy, France.
Jun/28/1794:	John Biscoe, naval officer and Antarctic explorer, baptized in Enfield, England. His date of birth is not known.
Mar/03/1797:	Chevalier Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec, discoverer of the Kerguelen Islands, dies at the age of 63.
Nov/21/1797:	Birth of Charles Enderby in London, England. He was the third generation owner of the Enderby company, oil merchants, and sponsored at least two exploring expeditions (Biscoe and Balleny) to the Antarctic region.
Apr/03/1798:	Birth of Charles Wilkes, leader of the US Exploring Expedition to Antarctica, in New York.
Apr/15/1800:	Birth of Sir James Clark Ross, who explored both the arctic and antarctic regions. His exact birthplace is unknown.
Jun/30/1817:	Joseph Dalton Hooker, botanist, plant collector, and friend of Charles Darwin, born in Halesworth, Suffolk, England. Hooker was a botanist on HMS Erebus for James Clark Ross' s expedition to Antarctica.
Feb/19/1819:	Captain William Smith, of the brig Williams, a sealer, reports seeing land. Given his reported latitude (62°01'S), he was in the South Shetland Islands, near mainland Antarctica.
Jul/16/1819:	Captain Thaddeus von Bellinghausen, with two ships, the Vostok and the Miryni, leaves Kronstadt for the southern oceans, leading an exploring expedition for Russia.
Sep/05/1819:	von Bellinghausen's expedition leaves Portsmouth, where they had stopped to take on more provisions and make some modifications to their ships.
Oct/16/1819:	Captain William Smith, on board the brig Williams, lands at Shirref's Cove, Livingston Island, in the South Shetlands. This is the first reported landing on islands immediately off the coast of Antarctica.
Dec/19/1819:	The brig Williams, now under the command of naval officer Edward Bransfield, sets sail from Valparaiso, intending to explore the South Shetland Islands in more detail.
Dec/23/1819:	Approaching South Georgia, von Bellinghausen and his crew see petrels and albatrosses for the first time.
Dec/25/1819:	von Bellinghausen's expedition reaches South Georgia where they meet two British sealing ships.
Dec/31/1819:	von Bellinghausen's ships, the Vostok and Mirnyi' leave South Georgia and continue sailing south.
Jan/03/1820:	von Bellinghausen sights and passes Lyeskov Island.
Jan/04/1820:	von Bellinghausen sights and passes Zavadovski Island, a volcano that was active at the time.
Jan/16/1820:	Edward Bransfield, commanding the Williams, lands in the South Shetland Islands.
Jan/26/1820:	von Bellinghausen's ships, the Vostok and Mirnyi, cross the Antarctic Circle, only the second expedition known to have done so at that time.
Jan/27/1820:	Edward Bransfield, commanding the Williams, leaves the South Shetland Islands.
Jan/27/1820:	First known sighting of the Antarctic continent, by Lieutenant Thaddeus von Bellinghausen, a Russian expeditionary leader.
Jan/28/1820:	Edward Bransfield, commanding the Williams, spots Deception Island, off the coast of Antarctica.
Jan/30/1820:	Edward Bransfield, commanding the Williams, sights land, which was probably Hoseason Island, in the South Shetlands group. The ship was likely somewhere in Bransfield Strait.
Feb/01/1820:	Edward Bransfield, commanding the Williams, sights two mountains, probably the peaks Jacquinot and Bransfield, at the tip of mainland Antarctica.
Feb/01/1820:	von Bellinghausen and his crew get their second sighting of mainland Antarctica.
Feb/17/1820:	von Bellinghausen and his crew get their third sighting of the Antarctic mainland, off King Leopold and Queen Astrid Coast.
Feb/18/1820:	Still within sight of the Antarctic mainland, von Bellinghausen describes seeing high mountains in the distance, probably the Sør-Rondane Range.
Mar/15/1820:	von Bellinghausen describes a spectacular display of the Aurora Australis, while sailing off the coast of Antarctica.
Mar/16/1820:	von Bellinghausen describes a second consecutive night's spectacular display of the Aurora Australis, while sailing off the coast of Antarctica.
Nov/15/1820:	Nathaniel Palmer, a New England whaler commanding the Hero, sets off from the rest of the whaling fleet at Livingstone Island to investigate land sighted further south and lands on Deception Island.
Nov/29/1820:	von Bellinghausen goes ashore at Macquarie Island and meets with a group of sealers living in squalid conditions.
Dec/09/1820:	von Bellinghausen's ships, the Vostok and the Mirnyi cross the Antarctic Circle for the second time, returning south for their second exploring season.
Jan/22/1821:	von Bellinghausen sees a bright reflection to the south, suggesting the presence of land.
Jan/23/1821:	von Bellinghausen and his crew see definite land in the distance, with bare ground and cliffs. They call it Peter 1 Island.
Jan/27/1821:	von Bellinghausen sights a coastline, which the ships follow and survey for several days. They name it Alexander Land, a large island off the Antarctic mainland.
Jan/30/1821:	Deteriorating weather causes von Bellinghausen to leave the vicinity of the Antarctic mainland and he sets course for the newly-discovered South Shetland Islands.
Jan/30/1821:	Captain John Davis, from Connecticut, commanding the sealing ship Cecilia, leaves Deception Island and sails southwest.
Feb/01/1821:	Captain John Davis, from Connecticut, commanding the sealing ship Cecilia, sends a landing party ashore on an island at 63°25'S, probably Low Island in the South Shetlands.
Feb/05/1821:	von Bellinghausen's and Palmer's ships meet between Livingstone and Deception Islands. Palmer goes aboard the Vostok and the captains exchange news.
Feb/06/1821:	Captain John Davis, from Connecticut, commanding the sealing ship Cecilia, continues sailing south and sights land, probably Hoseason Island in the South Shetlands.
Feb/07/1821:	Captain John Davis, from Connecticut, commanding the sealing ship Cecilia, goes ashore to look for seal on land at 64°01'S. This is the first known landing on mainland Antarctic, somewhere in the vicinity of Hughes Bay off Gerlache Strait.
Aug/04/1821:	von Bellinghausen and his ships, the Vostok and Mirnyi, arrive back in Kronstadt, after more than two years away exploring the southern oceans.
Dec/11/1828:	Sir James Clark Ross elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, London.
Jul/10/1830:	Captain John Biscoe, commanding the Tula and accompanied by the Lively, sets sail from the Thames, heading for Antarctica to explore on behalf of Enderbys, an oil merchant company in London.
Jul/20/1830:	Sir Robert Clements Markham born in Stillingfleet, Yorkshire, England. Markham was involved with the Royal Geographical Society and was instrumental in getting funding for Scott's two antarctic expeditions.
Dec/17/1830:	Captain John Biscoe's expedition arrives in the South Sandwich Islands.
Dec/31/1830:	Captain John Biscoe's expedition leaves the South Sandwich Islands and continues south.
Feb/24/1831:	Captain John Biscoe discovers Enderby Land, which he names after the company financing his voyage, at 65°57'S.
Apr/24/1831:	Admiral Sir George Nares, who led expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctica, born in Llansenseld, near Abergavenny, in Monmouthshire, Wales.
May/09/1831:	Captain John Biscoe and the crews of the Tula and Lively arrive in Hobart, Tasmania, after a season exploring in Antarctica. On arrival, almost all the crew members were suffering from scurvy.
Feb/15/1832:	In his second season in Antarctica, Captain John Biscoe discovers and names Adelaide Island after Queen Adelaide, wife of King William IV.
Sep/09/1834:	Death of James Weddell, after whom Weddell seals are named, in London, England, aged 47.
Aug/18/1838:	The United States Exploring Expedition, consisting of five ships under the command of Charles Wilkes, sets sail from Hampton Roads for Antarctica.
Jan/07/1839:	Captain John Biscoe, commanding the Emma, and Captain John Balleny, commanding the Eliza Scott, met at Campbell Island. Both were employed by Enderbys, and were on separate voyages of discovery, mainly looking for good sources of seals for oil.
Feb/09/1839:	Captain John Balleny, commanding the Eliza Scott, sights land, a group of five islands at latitude 66°S, which he calls the Balleny Islands.
Mar/02/1839:	Captain John Balleny records land at 64°58'S and names it Sabrina Land. This land does not exist; he may have seen a mirage from ice on the Antarctic mainland.
Sep/18/1839:	Captain John Balleny, commanding the Eliza Scott, arrives back in England. He passes on a copy of his chart and parts of his logbook to Captain James Clark Ross, who is about to leave for his own expedition to Antarctica.
Jan/01/1840:	Dumont D'Urville, commanding the Astrolabe and the 'Zelée', leaves Hobart, Tasmania, to search for land in the southern oceans.
Jan/16/1840:	Charles Wilkes and the US Exploring Expedition sight land off Antarctica, probably the Balleny Islands.
Jan/19/1840:	Dumont D'Urville, commanding the Astrolabe and the Zelée, crosses the Antarctic Circle and sees land in the distance.
Jan/20/1840:	Dumont D'Urville, commanding the Astrolabe and the Zelée, has clear sight of the icy coastline of the Antarctic mainland.
Jan/22/1840:	Dumont D'Urville landed on a rocky island just off the main Antarctic landmass, which he called Adélie Land, and claimed it for France.
Jan/24/1840:	The Astrolabe and the Zelée are battered by storms off the coast of Adélie Land and soon D'Urville heads back to France.
Jan/29/1840:	Dumont D'Urville's ships, the Astrolabe and the Zelée, encounter the Porpoise under the command of Charles Wilkes. Curiously, no contact was made between the ships.
Feb/14/1840:	After several weeks following the Antarctic coast but blocked from landing by ice, Charles Wilkes and the US Exploring Expedition land on an off-shore island and claim it for the United States.
Nov/06/1840:	Dumont D'Urville, commanding the Astrolabe and the Zelée, arrives back in France, making landfall at Toulon, after being away more than three years.
Nov/12/1840:	Captain James Clark Ross, commanding the Erebus and Terror, sets sail from Hobart, Tasmania, and heads south to search for Antarctica.
Dec/26/1840:	Captain James Clark Ross, commanding the Erebus and Terror, and his crew sight their first iceberg on their journey south.
Dec/31/1840:	Captain James Clark Ross, commanding the Erebus and Terror, and his crew cross the Antarctic Circle.
Jan/02/1841:	The Erebus and Terror, commanded by Captain James Clark Ross, reach the edge of the pack ice around Antarctica. By ramming the edge of the pack and following leads, they were able to go 50 miles into the pack.
Jan/07/1841:	Erebus and Terror, commanded by Captain James Clark Ross, are deep in the pack ice and encounter a terrific storm.
Jan/08/1841:	Erebus and Terror, commanded by Captain James Clark Ross, get through the pack ice and encounter open water.
Jan/10/1841:	Captain James Clark Ross and his crew see light and reflections on the horizon that suggest land is near; they are not far offshore Antarctica.
Jan/11/1841:	Captain James Clark Ross and his crew see the Antarctic mainland. They are impressed by a high mountain chain and the extent of land.
Jan/12/1841:	Captain James Clark Ross and his crew go ashore on mainland Antarctica and claim the territory for Queen Victoria.
Jan/14/1841:	Charles Enderby elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, London.
Jan/15/1841:	Following the Antarctic coastline from close inshore, Captain James Clark Ross is impressed by a tremendous mountain range, with peaks estimated to be over 10,000 feet.
Jan/21/1841:	Dumont D'Urville, commanding the Astrolabe and the Zelée, gets to within a couple of miles of Antarctica's shoreline before being stopped by ice. He records his latitude as 66°30'S and names it Adélie Land.
Jan/23/1841:	Captain James Clark Ross and his crew attain 74°23'S, further south than anyone else had proceeded at that time.
Jan/28/1841:	Captain James Clark Ross and his crew are amazed to see a volcano in eruption. He names it Mount Erebus, after his ship, and calls an adjacent volcanic peak Mount Terror after his other ship. Later that afternoon, the ships encounter the great ice barrier for the first time, later named the Ross Ice Shelf.
Apr/06/1841:	After a season of exploration in Antarctica, Captain James Clark Ross, commanding the Erebus and Terror, arrives in Hobart, Tasmania.
May/08/1842:	Death of Rear Admiral Jules Sébastien César Dumont D'Urville, French naval officer who led an expedition to Antarctica, in a railway accident at Meudon, near Paris, France, at the age of 51.
Apr/22/1847:	Joseph Dalton Hooker, botanist, plant collector, and friend of Charles Darwin, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, London. Hooker was a botanist on HMS Erebus for James Clark Ross' s expedition to Antarctica.
Jan/13/1852:	Death of Thaddeus von Bellinghausen in Kronstadt at the age of 73. He led a Russian exploring expedition to Antarctica and was the first known person to have sighted the Antarctic continent.
Feb/22/1858:	Charles Enderby makes a short presentation to the Royal Geographical Society, London, noting the voyages of Captains Bisco and Balleny, and drawing attention to Balleny's discovery of 'Sabrina Land', which land was later found not to exist.
Apr/03/1862:	Death of Sir James Clark Ross, who explored both the arctic and antarctic regions, at Aston Abbotts, Buckinghamshire, England, at the age of 61.
Dec/01/1864:	Carstens Borchgrevink born in Kristiana, Norway.
Aug/02/1866:	Birth of Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery, Antarctic explorer, in Hasselt, Belgium.
Jun/06/1868:	Robert Falcon Scott, naval officer and Antarctic explorer, born near Devonport, England.
Dec/06/1869:	Birth of Dr Nils Otto Gustaf Nordenskjöld, geologist and Antarctic explorer, in Hesselby, Sweden.
Mar/21/1870:	Herbert G. Ponting, photographer on Scott's Terra Nova expedition, born in Salisbury England.
Jul/15/1871:	Birth of Henryk Arctowski, geologist and meteorologist, in Warsaw, Poland.
Jul/16/1872:	Roald E. G. Amundsen born in Borge, Norway. Amundsen's team were the first to reach the South Pole.
Jul/23/1872:	Edward A. Wilson born in Cheltenham, England. Wilson was one of the last survivors of Scott's South Pole journey.
Dec/21/1872:	The 'Challenger' expedition, under the command of Captain George Nares, left Portsmouth, England. The expedition took many observations in seas around Antarctica.
Jun/12/1873:	Sir Clements Markham elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, London.
Feb/15/1874:	Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, Antarctic explorer, born in County Kildare, Ireland.
Aug/31/1876:	Death of Charles Enderby in London, England, at the age of 78. He was the third generation owner of the Enderby company, oil merchants, and sponsored at least two exploring expeditions (Biscoe and Balleny) to the Antarctic region.
Feb/08/1877:	Death of Charles Wilkes, leader of the US Exploring Expedition to Antarctica, in Washington, DC, at the age of 68.
Jul/20/1877:	Tom Crean, a member of Scott's Discovery and Terra Nova expeditions and of Shackleton's Endurance expedition, born in County Kerry, Ireland.
Mar/07/1879:	Birth of Petty Officer Edgar Evans in Rhosili, Glamorgan, Wales. Evans was a member of Scott's Discovery and Terra Nova expeditions.
Mar/17/1880:	Captain Lawrence E. G. Oates, nicknamed 'Titus', born in Putney, London, England. Oates was a member of Scott's polar team.
Oct/28/1880:	Edward R. G. R. Evans, known as 'Teddy', and later Baron Mountevans, original second-in-command of Scott's Terra Nova expedition, born in London, England.
Dec/01/1880:	Griffith Taylor, geographer with Scott's Terra Nova expedition, born in Walthamstow, Essex, England.
Nov/23/1881:	Edward L. Atkinson, surgeon and eventual second-in-command of Scott's Terra Nova expedition, born in the Windward Islands, West Indies.
Jul/29/1883:	Henry R. Bowers born in Greenock, Scotland. Bowers was one of the three last survivors of Scott's South Pole journey.
Dec/26/1883:	Frank Debenham, geologist with Scott's Terra Nova expedition, born in Bowral, New South Wales, Australia.
Jan/02/1886:	Apsley G. B. Cherry-Garrard born in Bedford, England.
Mar/01/1887:	Sir Clements Markham sees Robert Scott, then a midshipman, win a small sailing boat race in the West Indies and notes his leadership qualities.
Oct/25/1888:	Birth of Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, the first man to fly to the South Pole, in Winchester, Virginia, USA.
Nov/27/1893:	John Murray, a member of the Challenger expedition, presents a paper on The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration to the Royal Geographical Society meeting in London.
Jan/24/1895:	Carsten Borchgrevink, a Norwegian and member of a whaling ship's crew, is the first person documented to have set foot on the continent of Antarctica, leaping ashore at Cape Adare.
Aug/16/1897:	The Belgica under the command of Andrien de Gerlache sets sail from Antwerp, heading to Antarctica. Among the crew are Roald Amundsen, Henryk Arktowski, and Frederick Cook.
Jan/20/1898:	The Belgica, heading south under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, anchors off the South Shetland Islands.
Jan/23/1898:	A shore party of scientists from Belgica makes the first of several landings on the Antarctic Peninsula, along Graham Land, to survey and collect specimens. They continue to sail along the Gerlache Strait.
Jan/31/1898:	Henryk Arktowski, Adrien de Gerlache, Frederick Cook, Roald Amundsen, and Emile Danco became the first people to camp overnight on mainland Antarctica. They stay on the mainland for seven days, enduring cold stormy weather and discomfort.
Feb/12/1898:	The Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, leaves the Gerlache Strait and continues sailing south alongside the Antarctic Peninsula.
Feb/15/1898:	The Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, crosses the Antarctic Circle.
Feb/16/1898:	The Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, encounters pack-ice for the first time.
Feb/26/1898:	Following several stormy days, the Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, encounters open water to the south. Despite the apprehensions of the crew, de Gerlache continues heading south.
Feb/28/1898:	The Belgica, under the command of Andrien de Gerlache, becomes trapped in the pack ice at 71°22'S. Thereafter, the ship remains ice-bound for 347 days.
May/18/1898:	The Belgica's crew see the sun for the last time before heading into the long Antarctic winter. Trapped in the pack ice, the crew endure cold, dark, and damp conditions throughout the winter.
Jun/05/1898:	Emile Danco, one of Belgica's science officers, dies of heart disease during the long Antarctic winter night. Frederick Cook, the ship's surgeon, insists that the crew eat more fresh seal and penguin meat to combat deleterious health effects and the ominous first signs of scurvy.
Jul/22/1898:	Trapped in the pack-ice, the Belgica's crew greet the return of the sun, albeit only a thin sliver above the horizon, with relief and renewed hope.
Dec/30/1898:	Carsten Borchgreveink's 'Southern Cross' expedition encounters pack-ice for the first time, well north of where they had expected it.
Jan/11/1899:	Worried that the pack-ice is not releasing the ship, the Belgica's crew begin cutting a canal from the ship to the nearest open lead. They have to cut a channel about a mile and a half in length. Fearful of being trapped for another winter, work continues feverishly for a month.
Feb/14/1899:	Belgica's crew finally succeed in completing their canal, about a mile and a half in length, through the pack-ice from the ship to the nearest open lead.
Feb/15/1899:	The Belgica begins moving along the canal cut by the crew to free her from the pack-ice.
Feb/16/1899:	Carsten Borchgreveink and the entire 'Southern Cross' expedition come on shore near the Bay of Whales along the Great Ice Barrier to have a group photograph taken.
Feb/17/1899:	Carsten Borchgreveink and two companions take a sled about 10 miles across the Great Barrier, establishing a new farthest south point at 78°50'S.
Mar/14/1899:	The Belgica, under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, finally clears the pack-ice after being trapped for the previous winter.
Mar/28/1899:	The Belgica, under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, finally sails into Punta Arenas, in Patagonia, Chile.
Apr/18/1899:	Another stormy meeting between the Royal Society and Royal Geographical Society when Sir Clements Markham informs them that Scott has been released from the Admiralty so that he can command the British Antarctic Expedition.
Jun/29/1899:	First planning meeting for the British Antarctic expedition between representatives of the Royal Geographical Society, led by Sir Clements Markham, and the Royal Society, led by Lord Lister, its President. The meeting did not go well and Markham soon regretted inviting the Royal Society to be involved in the project.
Nov/05/1899:	The Belgica, under the command of Adrien de Gerlache, arrives back in Antwerp, Belgium, after more than two years' away in Antarctica.
Dec/14/1899:	A contract signed with the Dundee Shipbuilding Company to build the Discovery for the British Antarctic Expedition.
Mar/16/1900:	Discoverys keel is laid in a Dundee shipyard and the construction of the ship begins.
Apr/05/1900:	The Admiralty approves Scott's release from his naval duties to take up a position, most likely commander, with the British Antarctic Expedition.
May/04/1900:	At their next meeting, the Royal Society and Royal Geographical Society are deadlocked over the question of leadership of the British Antarctic Expedition.
May/24/1900:	At the next meeting of the Royal Society and Royal Geographical Society, Sir Clements Markham manages to engineer agreement on the appointment of Scott as commander of the British Antarctic Expedition.
May/29/1900:	Albert Armitage appointed second-in-command to Scott and navigator of the British Antarctic Expedition.
Jun/09/1900:	A letter is sent to Scott from the Royal Society and Royal Geographical Society informing him of his appointment as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition.
Jun/11/1900:	Scott writes a letter of acceptance for the appointment as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition, the Discovery expedition.
Jun/30/1900:	The Admiralty promotes Scott to the rank of Commander.
Mar/21/1901:	The Discovery is launched into the Tay by Lady Markham. The British Antarctic Expedition now has a ship.
Jul/31/1901:	The Discovery weighs anchor and sets out for the English Channel on the first stage of the voyage to Antarctica.
Aug/06/1901:	En route to Antarctica at the start of the British Antarctic Expedition, Discovery sails past the Needles on the Isle of White and heads down the English Channel.
Oct/03/1901:	En route to Antarctica at the start of the British Antarctic Expedition, Discovery arrives at Cape Town, South Africa.
Oct/16/1901:	The Swedish Antarctic Expedition set sail from Gothenburg on board the Antarctic, commanded by Otto Nordenskjöld, with Carl Larsen as second-in-command.
Nov/16/1901:	En route to Antarctica at the start of the British Antarctic Expedition, Discoverys crew sights pack-ice for the first time.
Dec/21/1901:	En route to Antarctica at the start of the British Antarctic Expedition, Discovery leaves Lyttelton, New Zealand, with a send-off escort of two naval warships.
Jan/08/1902:	Royds, the officer of the watch on board Discovery spots land on the port bow, the first sight of Antarctica.
Jan/15/1902:	Sailing along the eastern shore of Victoria Land, Discovery encounters a bay with many seals. The crew kill 30 seals and 10 Emperor penguins for the larder. Wilson and many others are revolted by the slaughter.
Jan/19/1902:	Sailing along the east coast of the Antarctic peninsula, the progress of >Antarctic, under the command of Otto Nordenskjöld, was stopped by pack ice.
Jan/30/1902:	Having sailed east along the Ice Barrier, Discovery encounters new land, which Scott names King Edward VII Land. With no suitable landing spot, they turn the ship around and head west for McMurdo Sound.
Feb/03/1902:	Discovery's crew lands on the Great Ice Barrier for the first time.
Feb/04/1902:	Scott makes a first Antarctic ascent in a hot air balloon, nicknamed 'Eva', at a location he calls 'Balloon Bight'.
Feb/04/1902:	Shackleton is the second person to make an ascent in 'Eva', the hot air balloon, and is the first to take air photos in Antarctica.
Feb/12/1902:	Otto Nordenskjöld and five companions are set ashore at Snow Hill Island, off the east coast of the Antarctic peninsula, to overwinter and undertake research. This was the first attempt by people to overwinter in Antarctica.
Feb/16/1902:	The sun dips below the horizon and the start of darker evenings heralds the approach of winter as Discoverys crew get settled in at Hut Point.
Feb/18/1902:	Otto Nordenskjöld and his companions finish assembling constructing their pre-fab winter house on Snow Hill Island.
Feb/19/1902:	One day after their winter house is completed, Otto Nordenskjöld and his companions get a chance to see its mettle when Snow Hill Island is afflicted by a violent storm.
Mar/02/1902:	The British Antarctic Expedition relief ship Morning sails away, leaving Discoverys crew prepare for another year in Antarctica.
Mar/04/1902:	Led by Royds, 12 men set out from Hut Point for Cape Crozier to leave messages for the anticipated supply ship, telling them how to find their camp at Hut Point.
Apr/23/1902:	The sun disappears and the long winter night sets in for the Discovery expedition members at Hut Point.
Jun/23/1902:	Midwinter celebrations, with a Christmas-like atmosphere, at Hut Point.
Aug/07/1902:	The British Antarctic Expedition records an extreme low temperature of -62°F (-52°C) at Crater Hill.
Sep/10/1902:	Royds leads a party of five men to head southwest from Hut Point and investigate a glacier which might provide a route inland.
Sep/17/1902:	Scott sets off on a southern reconnaissance, accompanied by Barne and Shackleton. After suffering through a blizzard and almost losing their tent, they soon return to Discovery.
Oct/01/1902:	Scott, accompanied by Feather and Shackleton, establishes a depot at Minna Bluff, named for Sir Clement Markham's wife, 85 miles from Hut Point.
Oct/10/1902:	En route to Cape Crozier to leave messages, Royds and his party experience extreme low temperatures of -58°F (-50°C).
Oct/24/1902:	Royds and a team from Discovery get back from Cape Crozier and report on the discovery of an Emperor Penguin rookery there.
Nov/02/1902:	Scott's southern journey begins as, accompanied by Wilson and Shackleton, he heads south across the Ice Barrier from Hut Point.
Nov/08/1902:	Accompanied by Plumley and Blissett, Royds returns to the Emperor Penguin rookery at Cape Crozier to try to collect some eggs and chicks. They fined only adult birds remaining.
Nov/13/1902:	Half the support team turn back, Scott, Shackleton and Wilson continue south with the rest. They are now in unknown territory beyond Minna Bluff.
Nov/15/1902:	The remaining members of the support team turn back, Scott, Shackleton and Wilson continue south.
Nov/16/1902:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson continue south although their sled dogs are in deteriorating condition, later thought to have been from bad food.
Nov/18/1902:	Now relaying their supplies, Scott, Shackleton and Wilson made only 5 miles southern progress although to do so they trekked 15.
Nov/19/1902:	Wilson writes that they are getting worn out relaying the sleds and are distressed by the dogs' suffering, although Scott, Shackleton and Wilson continue south.
Nov/20/1902:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson manage to get only 3.5 miles further south in an exhausting day of relaying.
Nov/25/1902:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson cross 85°S latitude and are now further south than anyone has been before them. They are very hungry because their rations are now cut back.
Nov/29/1902:	Armitage and 20 men leave Hut Point intending to cross McMurdo Sound and explore the mountains of Victoria Land.
Nov/29/1902:	Although tired and hungry, Wilson records and tries to sketch a spectacular display of parhelia.
Dec/03/1902:	Dr Otto Nordenskjöld, geologising on Snow Hill Island, finds Cretaceous fossil vertebrate remains, indicating a significant environment must have existed on Antarctica in the distant past. This was the first such fossil discovery on Antarctica.
Dec/05/1902:	Having finished surveying the Orleans Channel, Carl Larsen turns the Antarctica towards Snow Hill Island on the east of the Antarctic peninsula, but the ship's progress is soon blocked by thick pack-ice.
Dec/05/1902:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson experience another exhausting day and only manage to advance three miles further south.
Dec/06/1902:	The British Antarctic Expedition's relief ship, the 'Morning', leaves Lyttelton, New Zealand, commanded by Captain William Colbeck.
Dec/10/1902:	Half of Armitage's party return to Discovery. The rest continue to try to find a route up and over the mountains and discover and name the Ferrar Glacier.
Dec/10/1902:	The first death occurs among the dogs and Scott, Shackleton and Wilson feed the corpse to the remaining dogs.
Dec/15/1902:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson reduce weight by caching most of the dog food when hauling sleds through deep snow becomes too difficult.
Dec/20/1902:	Wilson lies awake all night from hunger. Scott, Shackleton and Wilson all think constantly of food as hunger becomes their dominant experience.
Dec/25/1902:	A sunny cloudless Christmas Day and Scott, Shackleton and Wilson have three hot meals to celebrate and manage to cover 11 miles.
Dec/26/1902:	Wilson is now completely snow-blind, Shackleton kills another dog, and Scott names the nearby range the Christmas Mountains.
Dec/29/1902:	A blizzard keeps Scott, Shackleton and Wilson snowbound in their tent for two days at their furthest south, 82°17'S, 300 miles further south than anyone had reached before them.
Dec/30/1902:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson establish a new Furthest South point at 82°17'S before turning back for Hut Point.
Dec/31/1902:	While cooking supper in the tent, the pot tips over. Scott, Shackleton and Wilson are so hungry that they scrape the food off the floor and eat it.
Jan/04/1903:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson kill another dog to feed the rest and keep heading south.
Jan/13/1903:	Returning from their trek across the Ice Barrier and desperately low on food, Scott, Shackleton and Wilson reach Depot B where they find plenty of food although all three are now suffering from scurvy.
Jan/13/1903:	After trying to reach Snow Hill Island, Andersson, Duse and Grunden get back to Paulet Island, where they had left food cache, and prepare to overwinter.
Jan/14/1903:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson are all showing symptoms of scurvy, but it is more pronounced in Shackleton.
Jan/15/1903:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson abandon most of their gear so as to travel faster. Shackleton is getting worse as scurvy advances. The last two dogs are killed.
Jan/18/1903:	Shackleton collapses and Scott and Wilson are forced to make camp.
Jan/24/1903:	The British Antarctic Expedition's relief ship, the Morning, ties up to ice floes near Hut Point, about 8 miles from land.
Jan/28/1903:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson reach Depot A, 60 miles from Discovery, on their way back from their trek across the Ice Barrier. Stuffed with food, they are all ill during the night.
Feb/03/1903:	Scott, Shackleton and Wilson are met by Skelton and Bernacchi, colleagues from Hut Point who help pull their sled back to base.
Feb/13/1903:	The Antarctica sinks in the Erebus and Terror Gulf, about 25 miles from land. Led by Carl Larsen, the crew head for the Antarctic mainland.
Feb/18/1903:	One year after coming ashore in Antarctica, the thickening sea-ice makes it clear to Otto Nordenskjöld and his companions that the Antarctica is not going to pick them up and so they have to spend a second winter on the continent.
Feb/19/1903:	Armitage's party are now back at Discovery, after exploring the mountains of Victoria Land.
Feb/19/1903:	Discovery finally clears McMurdo Sound and heads for New Zealand, escorted by the relief ships, Morning and Terra Nova.
Feb/22/1903:	Discoverys crew try to free the ship from the ice with explosives but five miles of ice to open water makes that impossible.
Feb/25/1903:	With the captain of the relief ship, Morning, anxious to leave before getting iced in, the crew unload stores and supplies.
Feb/28/1903:	Carl Larsen and the shipwrecked crew of the Antarctica reach the mainland and prepared to overwinter.
Mar/01/1903:	A farewell party on board the Morning before the ship leaves and Discoverys crew prepare for another year in Antarctica.
Mar/10/1903:	The Antarctica has not returned to pick them up from Paulet Island, so Andersson, Duse and Grunden prepare to overwinter, with little food or equipment.
Mar/14/1903:	Discovery reaches the Aukland Islands and begins some much-needed repairs.
May/16/1903:	Record low temperatures (-67°F, -55°C) are recorded by the British Antarctic Expedition at Cape Armitage.
May/19/1903:	In London, following the arrival of Morning and reports that Discovery is iced in in Antarctica, Markham sends a strong letter to the Government asking for funds for a second relief expedition.
Jun/20/1903:	Annoyed and offended by Markham's strident lobbying, the Government agrees to send a relief expedition to Antarctica but insist that it is under Royal Navy command - the Royal Geographical Society and Royal Society are to play no role - and Markham is ordered to hand over the ownership of Morning.
Jun/23/1903:	Another midwinter celebration at Hut Point, with a huge meal and champagne.
Jul/06/1903:	The Terra Nova is purchased from C. W. Bowering, a whaling company in St John's, Newfoundland, and is refitted as a relief ship.
Aug/21/1903:	The first sign of sun above the horizon heralds the end of winter for Discovery's crew.
Sep/07/1903:	Royds, Wilson and four others head off to Cape Crozier for Emperor penguin eggs again.
Sep/09/1903:	Scott, Shackleton and four others set out to set depots prior to an attempt on the western mountains.
Sep/28/1903:	With little food, Andersson, Duse, and Grunden set out from Paulet Island to make their way to Snow Hill Island in hopes of meeting up with Otto Nordenskjöld and his five companions.
Oct/12/1903:	Otto Nordenskjöld and Ole Jonassen are making a sled foray from their house at Snow Hill Island, when they unexpectedly meet up with three men from their ship, Gunnar Andersson (the ship's doctor), Duse, and Grunden, who had been stranded on the mainland for the winter after attempting to reach Snow Hill Island.
Oct/12/1903:	Scott and twelve men set out for the western mountains, with the intention of finding a route up the Ferrar Glacier and doing more geologising.
Oct/31/1903:	Terra Nova arrives in Hobart, Tasmania, where Morning has already arrived, and both ships set out for Antarctica.
Nov/08/1903:	The Argentinian ship Uruguay, commanded by Captain Irizar, arrives at Snow Hill Island to pick up Otto Nordenskjöld and his team. This is a relief ship sent to rescue them after the non-appearance of the Antarctica. As they were packing up that evening, Carl Larsen and the crew of the Antarctica appear, having abandonned the ship after it foundered.
Nov/14/1903:	Scott, Shackleton and their companions reach the summit of Ferrar Glacier and emerge onto a high plateau and continue west.
Nov/22/1903:	Scott sends one sled back to Discovery and continued with two companions, Edgar Evans and William Lashly.
Nov/30/1903:	Scott, Evans and Lashly reach their furthest west across the high plateau. Lack of food and exhaustion forces a return to Discovery.
Dec/01/1903:	On the western plateau, Scott, Evans and Lashly turn back and begin their return to Discovery.
Dec/14/1903:	Scott, Evans and Lashly reach the edge of the western plateau and began their descent but Scott does not know exactly where they are. After slipping and sliding downslope for many feet, Scott realizes that they are at the head of the Ferrar Glacier. They continue downslope and, after a near disaster when Scott and Evans fall down a crevasse, they reach a depot at the base of the glacier.
Dec/24/1903:	Scott, Evans and Lashly arrive back at Discovery.
Dec/31/1903:	Attempts to saw a channel for Discovery from Hut Point to the open water are called off, because the distance is just too far.
Jan/05/1904:	Scott and Wilson head out to the edge of the pack-ice (20 miles from Hut Point) to see if the ice is breaking up and, to their astonishment, see the arrival of two relief ships, the Morning and Terra Nova.
Jan/18/1904:	The relief ships, Morning and Terra Nova, are able to move between four and five miles closer to Hut Point as the ice slowly begins to break up.
Jan/22/1904:	Large amount of ice broke away and the relief ships, Morning and Terra Nova, are able to move about a mile closer to Hut Point.
Feb/03/1904:	Ice starts re-forming off Hut Point and it looks as if Discovery will be ice-bound for another winter.
Feb/08/1904:	Second anniversary of arrival at Hut Point and Discoverys crew celebrate with champagne, although still worried about the ice conditions.
Feb/12/1904:	The ice begins to break up rapidly and the relief ships, Morning and Terra Nova, are able to move another two miles closer inshore.
Feb/14/1904:	The relief ships, Morning and Terra Nova, are now only 500 yards from Discovery.
Feb/14/1904:	Late in the day, Discovery finally breaks free from the Antarctic ice and sets sail back to England, ending Scott's first Antarctic expedition.
Feb/16/1904:	Discovery driven onto a shoal by a late-day storm. For a while, it looks as if the ship may be lost. Finally, the ship is worked off the shoal and resumes voyage.
Feb/16/1904:	Discovery leaves McMurdo Sound and heads back to England at the end of the British Antarctic Expedition.
Apr/01/1904:	Discovery arrives at Lyttelton, New Zealand. The crew are given a tremendous welcome.
Jun/08/1904:	Discovery leaves Lyttelton, New Zealand, and begins voyage back to England.
Sep/10/1904:	Discovery, with Scott aboard, arrives back in England from Antarctica, making landfall at Stokes Bay, near Southsea.
Sep/16/1904:	Banquet and welcoming speeches for the Discovery crew held in the distinctly down-market setting of a warehouse at the East India Docks in London.
Sep/21/1904:	Scott requests six months leave from the Admiralty to wrote up results from the British Antarctic Expedition and give lectures on the expedition. Leave is granted.
Sep/28/1904:	Scott invited to Balmoral to give a lecture on the Discovery expedition to the Royal Family.
Sep/29/1904:	Following his lecture, Scott is invited to go grouse shooting with the Royal Family at Balmoral.
Nov/04/1904:	An exhibition of Discovery artifacts, with some of Skelton's photographs and Wilson's drawings, opens at Brunton Gardens and is a great success.
Nov/07/1904:	Scott gives a lecture at the Royal Albert Hall to the invited fellows of the Royal Geographical Society and Royal Society, describing the work of the Discovery expedition. The lecture is received tepidly. The Royal Society members are still bent out of shape over the furore surrounding the relief expedition.
Nov/08/1904:	Scott repeats his lecture at the Royal Albert Hall for the public. The lecture is very well received.
Nov/16/1904:	Founding of Grytviken, a shore-based whaling station, on South Georgia by Carl Anton Larsen, a Norwegian whaling captain, as a base for the Argentine Fishing Company.
Jan/22/1905:	Scott writes to his mother about the difficulty that he's having in completing the writing of the book about the British Antarctic Expedition.
Oct/12/1905:	Publication of The Voyage of the Discovery, written by Captain Scott and published by Smith, Elder and Co. The book was a best-seller.
Jan/01/1907:	Scott is appointed flag captain of HMS Albemarle.
Jan/28/1907:	Scott writes to the Royal Geographical Society announcing his intention to fund-raise for another Antarctic expedition.
Feb/12/1907:	Shackleton announces his intention to lead an antarctic expedition. He writes to Wilson asking him to be his second-in-command.
Feb/16/1907:	Wilson receives the letter from Shackleton inviting him to participate in his expedition. Wilson refuses, mainly because he is involved in work on a Grouse Commission.
Feb/17/1907:	Wilson receives a letter from Scott who has heard about Shackleton's plans and wonders if Wilson thinks Shackleton has deliberately done this to forestall an attempt by Scott to do the same.
Feb/25/1907:	Scott writes to Keltie, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, that it looks as if Shackleton has determined to beat him in the polar race.
Mar/01/1907:	Another letter from Scott to Keltie, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, expressing doubts about Shackleton's success but also indicating support for the idea of another British expedition to Antarctica.
May/17/1907:	Shackleton writes a letter to Scott, setting out their agreement on Antarctica and promising not to winter in the McMurdo Sound area.
Jul/30/1907:	Shackleton's expedition, aboard the Nimrod, leaves the East India Docks and sets sail for Antarctica.
Aug/25/1907:	Scott's appointment to HMS Albemarle ends and he is back on half-pay.
Jan/01/1908:	Scott is given command of HMS Essex.
Jan/01/1908:	Shackleton sets sail aboard the Nimrod, heading to Antarctica to lead an attempt on the South Pole. This is known as the 'Farthest South' expedition.
Jan/25/1908:	Scott takes over command of HMS Essex.
Jan/29/1908:	Shackleton's 'Furthest South' expedition, aboard the Nimrod, sails into McMurdo Sound.
Feb/11/1908:	Birth of Sir Vivian Ernest Fuchs, co-leader of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition, in Kent, England
Feb/23/1908:	Having built their winter quarters at Cape Royds on Ross Island, Shackleton and his polar team settle in for the winter, while the Nimrod leaves for New Zealand.
Sep/02/1908:	Marriage of Robert Scott and Kathleen Bruce at the Chapel Royal, Hampton Court Palace, London, England.
Oct/10/1908:	Scott writes a blistering letter to the Royal Society who have published the results of the meteorological observations taken by the Discovery team and have criticized them as 'amateurish'.
Oct/29/1908:	Shackleton and three companions, with supplies on sleds pulled by ponies, leave Cape Royds for their attempt on the South Pole.
Jan/09/1909:	With their ponies dead, afflicted by bad weather and lack of food, Shackleton and his team turn and head back to Cape Royds, giving up their attempt on the South Pole at 88°23’S, a 'Farthest South' that stood until Amundsen made it to the South Pole in 1911.
Jan/16/1909:	Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David, and Alistair Mackay, three members of Shackleton's Nimrod expedition, establish the location of the South Magnetic Pole
Feb/27/1909:	Shackleton and Frank Wild arrive back at Cape Royds only to find that the Nimrod had left two days earlier. With two colleague left behind them on the Ice Barrier, they debate what to do.
Feb/28/1909:	Shackleton and Wild set fire to one of the huts at Cape Royds, hoping to attract the Nimrod's attention. This succeeds and the ship returns to pick them up.
Mar/04/1909:	Shackleton having led the rescue team back to the Ice Barrier for Adams and Marshall, the Nimrod leaves Cape Royds with all expedition members aboard.
Mar/23/1909:	Now back in New Zealand, Shackleton sends a cable to London to announce the achievements of the Nimrod expedition.
Jun/14/1909:	Shackleton returns to London and Scott is at Charing Cross Station to greet him.
Jul/01/1909:	Scott writes to Shackleton and announces his intention to organize another expedition to try to reach the South Pole.
Sep/13/1909:	Formal public announcement of Scott's second Antarctic expedition, the Terra Nova expedition.
Sep/14/1909:	Birth of Peter Scott, Captain Scott's son, the day after the formal announcement of the Terra Nova expedition.
Dec/14/1909:	Back in London after the Nimrod expedition, Ernest Shackleton is knighted.
May/31/1910:	Send-off luncheon held for the officers of the British Antarctic Expedition by the Royal Geographical Society in London.
Jun/15/1910:	Terra Nova sets sail from Cardiff, Wales, with Scott and his polar team aboard.
Oct/12/1910:	Terra Nova reaches Melbourne, Australia, and Scott receives a telegram from Amundsen announcing his intention to make an attempt on the South Pole.
Dec/07/1910:	First pack-ice sighted by Terra Nova's crew, further north than had been anticipated.
Dec/30/1910:	Terra Nova finally breaks free of pack-ice and continues south.
Jan/04/1911:	Scott decides to make his base at Cape Evans on Ross Island, about 12 miles north of Hut Point and the team begin unloading the Terra Nova and start construction of their winter quarters at Cape Evans.
Jan/08/1911:	After being unloaded from Terra Nova, the third motorized sled breaks through thin ice and is lost.
Jan/13/1911:	Roald Amundsen selects a site in the Bay of Whales, along the Ice Barrier, to set up his winter quarters, Framheim.
Jan/17/1911:	Scott and his team move into their winter quarters at Hut Point.
Jan/18/1911:	The hut at Cape Evans is completed and ready for occupation.
Feb/04/1911:	The Terra Nova, while exploring the edge of the Ice Barrier, unexpectedly comes across Amundsen and his team at Framheim in the Bay of Whales.
Mar/15/1911:	Scott and his small team, after a depot-laying expedition, are forced to wait at Hut Point until the sea-ice thickens enough to allow travel to Cape Evans. The hut becomes crowded when they are joined by Taylor and his crew returning from geologising in the Western Mountains.
Jun/22/1911:	Midwinter Day, treated as a major celebration by Scott's crew at Cape Evans.
Jun/27/1911:	Wilson, Bowers, and Cherry-Garrard leave Cape Evans and set off for the Emperor penguin nesting site at Cape Crozier, in the depths of the polar winter.
Jul/05/1911:	En route to Cape Crozer, Wilson, Bowers, and Cherry-Garrard experience extreme low temperatures of -61°C.
Jul/15/1911:	Wilson, Bowers, and Cherry-Garrard reach Cape Crozier.
Jul/20/1911:	Wilson, Bowers, and Cherry-Garrard manage to scramble down Cape Crozier and reach the Emperor penguin colony. They collect three penguins (for food) and five eggs (two of which break on the way back). That night, a storm moves in and traps them at Cape Crozier.
Jul/29/1911:	Campbell, Priestly and Abbott, three members of the Northern Party, set out on a sledging trip from Cape Adare.
Jul/30/1911:	Wilson, Bowers, and Cherry-Garrard struggle back to Hut Point from their expedition to Cape Crozier.
Aug/01/1911:	Wilson, Bowers, and Cherry-Garrard arrive back at Cape Evans from their expedition to the Emperor penguin nesting site at Cape Crozier, having endured five weeks of severe weather conditions in the polar winter.
Aug/24/1911:	Roald Amundsen and his team at Framheim greet the return of the sun after the Antarctic winter.
Sep/08/1911:	Roald Amundsen takes a team of men and dogs on a training run in preparation for their attempt on the South Pole.
Oct/19/1911:	Roald Amundsen, with four companions and 52 dogs set out from Framheim on their dash to the South Pole.
Oct/22/1911:	Roald Amundsen and his polar team reach the first of their food caches on the Ice Barrier. Because they are ahead of schedule, Amundsen decides to rest the men and dogs for two days.
Oct/23/1911:	Scott's advance parties set out from Hut Point, with the motorized tractors, en route for the South Pole.
Oct/25/1911:	Roald Amundsen and his four companions leave their first depot and continue south across the Ice Barrier towards the South Pole.
Oct/29/1911:	Scott's advance team abandon the motorized tractors, which were continually breaking down and not robust enough for the terrain.
Nov/01/1911:	First group of Scott's polar team, ten men and ten ponies, set off from the base at Cape Evans, en route to the Beardmore Glacier.
Nov/06/1911:	Roald Amundsen and his four companions leave the last of their food caches and strike out into new territory, still heading towards the South Pole.
Dec/07/1911:	Amundsen and his polar party pass Shackleton's Furthest South, established three years earlier.
Dec/10/1911:	Joseph Dalton Hooker, botanist, plant collector, and friend of Charles Darwin, died in Sunningdale, Berkshire, England, at the age of 94. Hooker was a botanist on HMS Erebus for James Clark Ross' s expedition to Antarctica.
Dec/11/1911:	Roald Amundsen and his companions emerge from the dangerous crevassed ice between the Ross Ice Shelf and the central plateau and find smooth terrain for the remainder of their journey to the South Pole.
Dec/14/1911:	Roald Amundsen's Norwegian team reaches the South Pole.
Dec/17/1911:	Roald Amundsen and his companions start their journey back from the South Pole, having spent three days camped there.
Dec/20/1911:	Near the top of the Beardmore Glacier, Scott orders four men (Atkinson, Cherry-Garrard, Wright, and Keohane) to return to Cape Evans.
Dec/21/1911:	Scott's party establish the Upper Glacier Depot at the top of the Beardmore Glacier before continuing onto the Polar Plateau.
Dec/25/1911:	Teddy Evans' sled team had trouble with a crevasse near the top of the Beardmore Glacier. Lashly was only saved by his harness.
Jan/01/1912:	Scott orders Teddy Evan's team (Evans, Bowers, Crean, and Lashly) to stash their skis, to save weight.
Jan/03/1912:	Scott orders Teddy Evans, Crean, and Lashly to return to Cape Evans, and continues to the pole with a five-man team (Edgar Evans, Oates, Bowers, Wilson, and himself).
Jan/03/1912:	The Terra Nova arrives at Cape Adare to pick up the six members of the Northern Party, under the command of Campbell. They are left at Inexpressible Island for what is planned to be a few weeks of geological work.
Jan/09/1912:	Scott's polar party passes Shackleton's Furthest South point, exactly three years after it was established.
Jan/16/1912:	Scott's polar party finds the remains of one of Amundsen's camps and realize that they are probably beaten to the South Pole.
Jan/17/1912:	Scott's team reaches the South Pole, only to find a message from Amundsen indicating that the Norwegians had arrived some weeks before them.
Jan/22/1912:	Teddy Evans, Crean, and Lashly finally reach the bottom of the Beardmore Glacier on their journey back to Cape Evans, with Evans suffering badly from advanced scurvy.
Jan/25/1912:	Roald Amundsen and his four companions arrive back at Framheim from their journey to the South Pole.
Jan/31/1912:	The returning polar party pick up Bowers' skis, which makes progress much easier for him.
Feb/07/1912:	Scott's returning polar part reaches the Upper Glacier Depot and are able to re-supply.
Feb/11/1912:	Travelling down the Beardmore Glacier, Scott's returning polar party struggle through heavily-crevassed terrain.
Feb/12/1912:	Still struggling through crevassed terrain on the Beardmore Glacier, Scott's polar party is almost out of food.
Feb/13/1912:	Near the end of the day, Scott's polar party reaches the Mid-Glacier Depot and finally get more food.
Feb/15/1912:	Terra Nova, under the command of Pennell, picks up Griffith Taylor's geological party at Granite Harbour, Cape Roberts, across McMurdo Sound from Ross Island.
Feb/16/1912:	Evans' condition deteriorates through the day as Scott's polar party continue their return journey from the Pole.
Feb/17/1912:	Petty Officer Edgar Evans drops far behind and collapses. He dies that night during the return journey of Scott's polar team.
Feb/18/1912:	Scott's returning polar party, now reduced to four, finally gets off the Beardmore Glacier and reaches Shambles Camp, where they have a good feed of cached horse meat.
Feb/19/1912:	After walking alone more than 30 miles across the Ice Barrier, Tom Crean reaches Hut Point and luckily finds Atkinson and Dmitri there.
Feb/20/1912:	Atkinson and Dmitri take their dog team out from Hut Point and rescue Lashly and the very sick Teddy Evans 30 miles out on the Ice Barrier.
Feb/27/1912:	Scott's returning polar party encounter temperatures of -40°C out on the Ice Barrier.
Mar/01/1912:	Scott's returning polar party reach the Mid-Barrier Depot, only to find much of the oil gone, probably sublimated through leaky seals.
Mar/07/1912:	Roald Amundsen arrives in Hobart, Tasmania, and the world learns that he reached the South Pole.
Mar/09/1912:	Scott's returning polar party reach the Mount Hooper Depot but find it has not been resupplied, their food supply is now low.
Mar/15/1912:	Suffering terribly from frost-bite and gangrenous feet, Oates asks to be left behind but Scott refuses to allow this and he struggles on for another day.
Mar/16/1912:	Captain Lawrence E. G. Oates, nicknamed 'Titus', died in Antarctica, by walking out into a storm. Oates was a member of Scott's polar team but on the return his feet became so badly frostbitten that he could not continue.
Mar/29/1912:	Atkinson and Keohane go south from Hut Point and get as far as Corner Camp before deteriorating conditions force their return. They find no sign of Scott's polar party.
Mar/29/1912:	Last entry in diary of Robert Falcon Scott, written on the Ross Ice Shelf as he and his companions, Wilson and Bowers, struggled back from the South Pole. Within a few days, Scott was dead.
Apr/23/1912:	The last day that the Terra Nova expedition members see the sun for four months.
Jun/22/1912:	Atkinson leads a discussion at Cape Evans about whether the remaining expedition members will search for Scott's polar party of Campbell's northern party during the summer season. The decision is made that the search for the polar party will be the priority.
Sep/30/1912:	Having survived a terrible winter close to starvation, Campbell and his five companions leave the ice cave at Inexpressible Island and make for Hut Point.
Oct/29/1912:	Campbell's Northern Party reaches Cape Roberts and, to their joy, find a food cache left by Griffiths' party. They have their first good meal in months.
Oct/30/1912:	Atkinson leads a search party south from Cape Evans to look for Scott's polar party.
Nov/07/1912:	Campbell's Northern Party finally arrives back at Cape Evans.
Nov/12/1912:	A search party, led by Dr Atkinson, finds the tent with the bodies of Scott, Wilson, and Bowers, and confirms that they reached the South Pole and died on the return journey.
Nov/25/1912:	Atkinson and the rest of the southern rescue team arrive back at Cape Evans and are overjoyed to find that Campbell's Northern Party are safe.
Jan/18/1913:	The Terra Nova, under the command of Teddy Evans, arrives in McMurdo Sound to pick up the remaining members of Scott's expedition at Cape Evans and learn the news of the loss of Scott and the polar party.
Jan/20/1913:	Led by Atkinson, members of the Terra Nova expedition set up a cross on Observation Hill, overlooking the Ice Barrier, to commemorate the deaths of Scott and his companions.
Feb/10/1913:	Terra Nova arrives in Oamaru, New Zealand, and the world learns of the fate of Scott's polar team.
Feb/28/1913:	Kathleen Scott arrives in Wellington, New Zealand, and receives her husband's journal and papers from Dr Atkinson.
May/21/1913:	Teddy Evans gives a lecture about the Terra Nova expedition to the Royal Geographical Society in the Royal Alberta Hall.
Nov/06/1913:	Publication of Scott's journal as Scott's Last Expedition. The book became a huge best-seller.
Dec/08/1913:	Opening of an exhibition of Wilson's sketches and watercolours at the Alpine Club.
Jan/23/1914:	Herbert Ponting begins giving a lecture series on Antarctica and Scott's Terra Nova expedition at the Philharmonic Hall, London. Illustrated with slides and film, the lecture proved immensely popular, and Ponting gave several hundred performances.
Feb/14/1914:	Memorial service for Scott and his companions, held in St Paul's Cathedral, London, and attended by King George V, an unprecedented gesture because the monarch had not attended the funeral of a commoner.
May/12/1914:	Herbert Ponting presents his illustrated lecture on Antarctica to the Royal Family and their guests at Buckingham Palace.
Aug/08/1914:	Shackleton sets sail aboard the Endurance for the Weddell Sea at the start of a planned TransAntarctic Expedition.
Dec/05/1914:	Ernest Shackleton's Imperial TransAntarctic Expedition sets sail from Grytviken, South Georgia.
Dec/11/1914:	Endurance, with Shackleton and the members of the TransAntarctic Expedition aboard, reaches the edge of the pack-ice and, entering a lead, begins to work towards the mainland.
Dec/24/1914:	The 'Aurora', under the command of Captain Mackintosh, leaves Sydney, Australia, for the Ross Sea, intending to lay depots on the Ross Ice Barrier and Beardmore Glacier for Shackleton's party to pick up on their TransAntarctic attempt.
Jan/15/1915:	Admiral Sir George Nares, who led expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctica, died at the age of 83.
Jan/18/1915:	Endurances progress towards the mainland is stopped by a solid barrier of ice.
Jan/19/1915:	Endurance becomes firmly trapped in the pack-ice.
Oct/18/1915:	Endurance, still trapped in the pack-ice, is raised up onto a pressure ridge as the ice shifts.
Oct/27/1915:	Shackleton and his crew abandon the Endurance, which is crushed and destroyed in the pack-ice.
Nov/21/1915:	Endurance finally sinks and Shackleton and his crew set off across the pack-ice making for Paulet Island.
Dec/29/1915:	Foiled in their attempt to reach Paulet Island by shifting pack-ice, Shackleton and his crew make camp, called 'Patience', on the largest and most stable floe they can find.
Jan/30/1916:	Sir Robert Clements Markham died in London, England, aged 85. Markham was involved with the Royal Geographical Society and was instrumental in getting funding for Scott's two antarctic expeditions.
Apr/02/1916:	Still confined to 'Patience' camp on the ice-floe, Shackleton and his crew kill and eat the last of their dogs.
Apr/09/1916:	With their ice-floe breaking up and open water around them, Shackleton and his crew abandon 'Patience' camp and launch the boats, intending to make for Clarence Island in the South Shetlands, which they can see in the distance.
Apr/15/1916:	Shackleton and his crew finally land in a cove on Elephant Island. They find and kill and elephant seal and have food and warmth for the first time in many days.
Apr/16/1916:	Shackleton and his crew move up the beach, out of tidal and storm surge range, and begin building a camp on Elephant Island.
Apr/23/1916:	Taking one of the 22 foot longboats, the James Caird, Shackleton and five companions set out to try to reach the whaling station on South Georgia.
May/08/1916:	Through stormy seas, Shackleton and his five companions on the James Caird, catch sight of the island of South Georgia.
May/10/1916:	Shackleton and his five companions finally reach the shore of South Georgia. They set up camp and, with food and warmth at last, gather strength for the next stage of their journey.
May/19/1916:	Leaving McNeish and Vincent in camp, Shackleton sets off with Tom Crean and Frank Worsley to cross the mountains and reach the whaling station on the other side of South Georgia.
May/20/1916:	Shackleton, Crean, and Worsley reach the whaling station at Husvik, much to the startlement of the whalers!
Aug/30/1916:	The Chilean whaling vessel Yelcho reaches Elephant Island and picks up Frank Wild and the rest of the Endurances crew. All are still alive.
Jan/10/1917:	Shackleton returns to Ross Island aboard the Aurora to pick up the remaining expedition members who had been stranded at Cape Evans after laying supply depots across the Ross Ice Barrier.
Jul/20/1919:	Birth of Sir Edmund Hillary, co-leader of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition, in Tuakau, New Zealand.
Jan/05/1922:	Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton dies suddenly and unexpectedly of a heart-attack at Grytviken, the whaling station on South Georgia, at the age of 47.
Mar/05/1922:	Ernest Shackleton buried at Grytviken, the whaling station on South Georgia.
Jun/02/1928:	Death of Dr Otto Nordenskjöld, geologist and Antarctic explorer, in Göteborg, Sweden, at the age of 58.
Jun/18/1928:	Presumed death of Roald Amundsen, when the plane he was in crashed in the Barents Sea during a search mission. His body was never found.
Dec/25/1928:	Admiral Byrd's ships emerge from the pack-ice into open water at the edge of the Ross Ice Barrier.
Jan/15/1929:	Admiral Byrd makes the first plane flight in the Antarctic, taking off from his base at Little America near the Bay of Whales.
Feb/20/1929:	Edward L. Atkinson, surgeon and eventual second-in-command of Scott's Terra Nova expedition, died on ship in the Mediterranean at the age of 47.
Mar/10/1929:	Three geologists, Gould, June, and Balchen, radio to Little America that they have to wait out a storm in the Rockefeller Range.
Mar/19/1929:	With a break in the weather, Admiral Byrd and pilot Smith fly to the Rockefeller Range to search for the three geologists. They find them shortly before dark.
Oct/15/1929:	A depot-laying party sets out from Little America, to leave supplies for a geological team heading out to explore the Queen Maud Range.
Nov/04/1929:	Geological party sets out from Little America heading for the Queen Maud Range.
Nov/19/1929:	With clear weather, Admiral Byrd and pilot Smith take off from Little America, intending to leave some fuel and food depots ahead of their attempt to fly to the South Pole.
Nov/28/1929:	With clear weather, Admiral Byrd, accompanied by pilot Bernt Balchen, Harold June the co-pilot and radio operator and Ashley McKinley the photographer, set off to attempt to fly to the South Pole.
Nov/29/1929:	Admiral Byrd and his team arrive back at Little America, at the end of a sixteen hour flight that took them to the South Pole and back.
Dec/04/1934:	Death of Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery, Antarctic explorer, in Brussels, Belgium, at the age of 68.
Feb/07/1935:	Herbert G. Ponting, photographer on Scott's Terra Nova expedition, died in London, at the age of 64.
Jun/08/1937:	International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling signed by nine nations in London, England, designed to protect whales, particularly those remaining in the southern oceans.
Jul/27/1938:	Tom Crean, a member of Scott's Discovery and Terra Nova expeditions and of Shackleton's Endurance expedition, died of appendicitis in County Kerry, Ireland, aged 61.
Dec/02/1946:	International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling signed by 42 nations in Washington, DC, designed to protect whales, particularly those remaining in the southern oceans.
Dec/02/1946:	International Whaling Commission set up by the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. It is headquartered in Cambridge, England.
Dec/26/1947:	Australians raise their national flag at Atlas Cove, Heard Island, Antarctica, site of Australia's first scientific research station.
Nov/14/1955:	Members of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition set sail from London aboard the Theron.
Jan/30/1956:	In the Weddell Sea, Vivian Fuchs begins unloading supplies and equipment onto the pack-ice from the Theron to begin the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition.
Feb/01/1956:	Unloading the Theron was interrupted when a violent storm forced the ship away from the edge of the pack-ice.
Feb/07/1956:	Hurriedly unloading stores and supplies, Ken Blaiklock and his eight-man party are left on the pack-ice close to shore in the Weddell Sea as the Theron has to sail to avoid being trapped in the ice.
Jan/01/1957:	Sir Edmund Hillary arrives in McMurdo Sound aboard the Endeavour at the start of his portion of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition.
Jan/10/1957:	Start of the construction of Scott Base, on Ross Island. Originally constructed to support the Trans-Antarctic Expedition, it is New Zealand's main base and research station in Antarctica.
Jan/12/1957:	Vivian Fuchs and his party reach their base at Shackleton, at the start of their leg of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition.
Jan/18/1957:	Sir Edmund Hillary and pilot Bill Cranfield take off from McMurdo Sound to reconnoitre the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition's proposed route up the Skelton Glacier.
Feb/01/1957:	Vivian Fuchs and his party start building their onshore base, which they call 'South Ice'.
Feb/22/1957:	Vivian Fuch's 'South Ice' base has its first buildings assembled.
Mar/11/1957:	Death of Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, the first man to fly to the South Pole, at the age of 68.
Aug/20/1957:	Edward R. G. R. Evans, known as 'Teddy', and later Baron Mountevans, original second-in-command of Scott's Terra Nova expedition, died near Oslo, Norway, aged 76.
Oct/14/1957:	Sir Edmund Hillary and his polar party set out from McMurdo Sound to the South Pole with Ferguson tractors pulling loaded sleds. They intend to leave depots for Fuch's party which is travelling from the opposite side of Antarctica.
Nov/03/1957:	With their Sno-Cats and Weasels, Vivian Fuch's party encounter hazardous conditions as they pioneer a route through the Shackleton Mountains on their way to the South Pole as part of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition.
Dec/20/1957:	Having finished all their planned depot-laying, Sir Edmund Hillary and his team with Ferguson tractors continue on to the South Pole.
Jan/04/1958:	Sir Edmund Hillary and his team with their Ferguson tractors reach the American Base at the South Pole as part of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition. These tractors were the first vehicles to drive to the Pole.
Jan/19/1958:	Vivian Fuchs and his party finally reach the American Base at the South Pole and meet up with Edmund Hillary.
Feb/21/1958:	Death of Henryk Arctowski, geologist and meteorologist, in Washington, DC, at the age of 76.
Mar/02/1958:	Sir Vivian Fuchs and Edmund Hillary arrive back at Scott Base, McMurdo Sound, having completed the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition.
May/18/1959:	Death of Apsley G. B. Cherry-Garrard in London, England, at the age of 74.
Jun/23/1961:	Ratification of the Antarctic Treaty with twelve countries as signatories.
Nov/05/1963:	Griffith Taylor, geographer with Scott's Terra Nova expedition, died in Sydney, Australia, aged 82.
Nov/23/1965:	Frank Debenham, geologist with Scott's Terra Nova expedition, died in Cambridge, England, at the age of 81.
Feb/26/1977:	Establishment of the Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station on King George Island in the South Shetlands.
Nov/28/1979:	Air New Zealand Flight 901, a sightseeing flight to Antarctica, crashes into the slopes of Mount Erebus, killing all passengers and crew, 257 people.
Jul/22/1983:	The lowest temperature so far recorded occurs at Vostok Station when the thermometers read -89.2°C.
Nov/11/1999:	Death of Sir Vivian Ernest Fuchs, co-leader of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition, at the age of 91.
Jan/31/2002:	Start of breakup of Larsen B ice shelf, along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Disintegration of the shelf took just 35 days.
Nov/23/2007:	The cruise ship MS Explorer hit an iceberg in the Bransfield Strait near King George Island, off the Antarctic peninsula. The ship sank but all 154 passengers and crew were successfully rescued.
Jan/11/2008:	Sir Edmund Hillary, co-leader of the British Commonwealth TransAntarctic Expedition, died in Auckland, New Zealand, at the age of 88.